Rainer Karlsch
Rainer Karlsch is a German economic historian and author.
Biography
Karlsch was born in Stendal. He studied economic history at the Humboldt University of Berlin and graduated in 1986 with a doctorate in Economics.Until 1991, he taught economic and social history at his alma mater. From 1992 to 1994, he was an assistant at the. During the 1990s, he helped the Max Planck Society reclaim the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics documentation relating to the German nuclear program during [World War II|Nazi German nuclear programme] that had been removed to the Soviet Union after World War II. From 1995 to 1998, he was an assistant to a key DFG program. He was affiliated with the Humboldt University of Berlin again between 1995 and 2000. From 2000 to 2001 he was employed by the Institute for Economic Policy and Economic History of the Free University of Berlin. He then worked for the Institute for Applied Demography in Berlin until 2004.
Since 2004, he has been an independent researcher working in the area of economic and business history, based in Berlin. From 2017 to 2021, he held a position at the Berlin branch of the Institute of Contemporary History (Munich).
Research
Karlsch investigated the four-year history of Nazi German atomic research through a collaboration with the TV journalist Heiko Petermann. They were supported by international historians, physicists and radiochemists.In 2005, he published his controversial book Hitlers Bombe, in which he presented evidence that Nazi scientists working under Kurt Diebner experimented inconclusively with a large atomic reactor during the final stages of World War II and may have tested a crude nuclear weapon in Thuringia on 3 March 1945, killing several hundred prisoners of war and concentration camp inmates. The results of the research, along with an additional unpublished document from the Russian state archives, were then summarised by Karlsch and a US historian of Nazi science, Mark Walker, in Physics World. As Walker explained in 2024, the documentary and oral evidence had led Karlsch to conclude that the nuclear weapon tested was not an atomic bomb, but "a hybrid fission/fusion device using hollow-point technology". The Nazi German attempts to provoke nuclear fusion through hollow-point explosions are known to have been unsuccessful.
The characterisation of the weapon developed by the Nazis towards the end of the war was contested. A number of other historians active in the field – Dieter Hoffmann, Paul Lawrence Rose, Bernhard Fulda, and Michael Schaaf – have played down the significance of the details uncovered by Karlsch and disputed that it was possible to speak of a Nazi nuclear test or a Nazi atom bomb. While accusing Karlsch of "a catastrophic lack of understanding of physics", Schaaf nonetheless conceded that Karlsch had shown "German research into uranium went further than we'd thought". Karlsch himself admitted that the developed weapons might better be characterised as atomic "grenades", and Walker wrote that it was not clear whether the tested device could be called a "nuclear weapon", but they insisted that the matter was not settled and more research was required. Karlsch's argumentation was pursued further by the historian Günter Nagel, whose 2002 work Atomversuche in Deutschland. Geheime Uranarbeiten in Gottow, Oranienburg und Stadtilm had been based on an exchange of results with Karlsch, in his book Das geheime deutsche Uranprojekt 1939–1945, and by the physicist Heinz Dieter Haupt in his book Deutschlands Weg zur Bombe.
Awards
In 1996, Karlsch won the first prize from the Stinnes Foundation for his 1993 book Allein bezahlt? on the handling of war reparations in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany.Scientific works
Authored
Allein bezahlt? Die Reparationsleistungen der SBZ/DDR 1945–53, Berlin: Christoph Links, 1993, ; reprint: Elbe-Dnepr Verlag 2004 The Chemistry Must Be Right: The Privatization of Buna Sow Leuna Olefinverbund GmbH, Berlin: Edition Leipzig, 2001Urangeheimnisse: Das Erzgebirge im Brennpunkt der Weltpolitik 1933–1960, Berlin: Christoph Links, 2002,- * English translation: Uranium Matters: Central European Uranium in International Politics, 1900–1960, Budapest: CEU Press, 2008Faktor Öl. Die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859–1974, München: C. H. Beck, 2003, Hitlers Bombe. Die geheime Geschichte der deutschen Kernwaffenversuche, München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2005, Wirtschaftsgeschichte Sachsens im Industriezeitalter, Leipzig: Edition Leipzig, 2006, Uran für Moskau. Die Wismut, eine populäre Geschichte, Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2007, Vom Licht zur Wärme. Geschichte der ostdeutschen Gaswirtschaft 1855–2008, Berlin: Nicolai, 2008, Playing the Game: The History of Adidas, Munich: Siedler, 2018, Familienunternehmen in Ostdeutschland. Niedergang und Neuanfang von 1945 bis heute, 2nd edn., Halle: Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 2023, Treibstoff für den Weltkrieg. Die Deutsche Erdöl AG, 1933–1945, Frankfurt: Societäts-Verlag 2024, Das Chemiedreieck bleibt! Die Privatisierung der ostdeutschen Chemie- und Mineralölindustrie in den 1990er-Jahren, Berlin: Christoph Links, 2024,