Pumpokolic languages


The Pumpokolic languages form one of the principal subgroups of the Yeniseian languages. All constituent languages are now extinct.

Classification

The classification of this group is debated. Most classify Arin and Pumpokol in a Southern Yeniseian subgroup, but more recently linguists have placed Arin in its separate Arinic branch, and classify Pumpokol as a separate branch of Yeniseian.

Arin-Pumpokol model

Yeniseian
  • * Northern
  • * Southern
  • ** Kott-Assan
  • ** Arin-Pumpokol
  • *** Arin
  • *** Pumpokol
  • ***

    Split Arinic/Pumpokolic model

This model is used in Vajda 2024.
Yeniseian
  • * Yenisei-Ostyak
  • * Kottic
  • * Arinic
  • ** Arin
  • * Pumpokolic
  • **Jie?
  • ** Pumpokolic

    Southern Yeniseian model

This model was introduced in Georg 2007 and used in Hölzl 2018.Yeniseian
  • * Northern
  • * Pumpokol
  • * Southern
  • ** Assan-Kott
  • ** Arin

    History

According to the Southern Yeniseian theory, Pumpokolic may have split from Yeniseian around the 9th century BCE, and would have extended southward to China in the 4th century. Arin and Pumpokol are then posited to have separated in the 6th century. Arin is believed to have gone extinct in the 1730s and Pumpokol around the early 18th century.