Protohermes
Protohermes is a genus of dobsonflies in the family Corydalidae. Protohermes is the most speciose and widely distributed genus within Megaloptera, but up to 85% of species are restricted to small endemic areas in Asia. This endemism may be a result of an association with high elevation and high slope streams in Northern Vietnam and China.
Description
Adult Protohermes generally have yellow coloration with white spots on the wings. The male genitalia are diverse across the genus and can be useful only for species-level identification, especially the shape and size of the tenth tergum and the subgenital plate at the ninth sternum. Nuptial gifts in Protohermes may as large as 20% of the total body mass of the male and can require up to 2 days to recover before mating again.The size and phenology of larvae is closely tied to the availability of different sizes of prey. Dwarfism occurs in populations on islands and peninsulas as a result of fewer species of large prey, and maturation may be synchronous with prey in locations with seasonal variability. Larger larvae do not consume smaller prey, and they actively select prey as an ambush predator. Larvae are motionless 90% of the time during the day, but do change position on the stream bed during the night.
Taxonomy
Protohermes contains the following species:Protohermes acutatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes albipennis Protohermes arunachalensis Ghosh, 1991Protohermes assamensis Kimmins, 1949Protohermes axillatus Navás, 1932Protohermes basimaculatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes bellulus Banks, 1931Protohermes burmanus X.-y. Liu & Dvořák, 2017Protohermes cangyuanensis C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes cavaleriei Navás, 1925Protohermes changninganus C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes chebalingensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006Protohermes concolorus C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes congruens X.-y. Liu et al., 2009Protohermes costalis Protohermes costatostriatus Protohermes curvicornis X.-y. Liu et al., 2013Protohermes davidi van der Weele, 1909Protohermes decemmaculatus Protohermes decolor Navás, 1931Protohermes dichrous Protohermes differentialis Protohermes dimaculatus C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes disjunctus X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes dulongjiangensis X.-y. Liu et al., 2010Protohermes festivus Navás, 1932Protohermes flavinervus X.-y. Liu et al., 2009Protohermes flavipennis Navás, 1929Protohermes flinti X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes fruhstorferi Protohermes fujianensis C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1999Protohermes furcatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Protohermes goodgeri X.-y. Liu et al., 2013Protohermes grandis Protohermes guangxiensis C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1986Protohermes gutianensis D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1995Protohermes hainanensis C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1990Protohermes horni Navás, 1932Protohermes hubeiensis D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992Protohermes hunanensis D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992Protohermes immaculatus Kuwayama, 1964Protohermes impunctatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Protohermes infectus Protohermes ishizukai X.-y. Liu et al., 2009Protohermes karubei X.-y. Liu et al., 2013Protohermes latus X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006Protohermes lii X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes maculiferus Protohermes maculipennis Protohermes montanus Protohermes motuoensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006Protohermes niger C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes nigerescens Protohermes ohli X.-y. Liu et al., 2013Protohermes orientalis X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes owadai X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes parcus C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes pennyi X.-y. Liu et al., 2009Protohermes piaoacanus X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Protohermes sabahensis X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Protohermes selysi Protohermes similis C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes sinensis D. Yang & C.-k. Yang, 1992Protohermes sinuolatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2009Protohermes sonus X.-y. Liu et al., 2013Protohermes spectabilis X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Protohermes stangei X.-y. Liu & Dobosz, 2019Protohermes stigmosus X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes striatulus Navás, 1926Protohermes sublunatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2013Protohermes subnubilus Kimmins, 1949Protohermes subparcus X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006Protohermes sumatrensis Protohermes tenellus X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes tonkinensis Protohermes tortuosus X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Protohermes trapezius Li & X.-y. Liu, 2021Protohermes triangulatus X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes uniformis Banks, 1931Protohermes vitalisi Navás, 1919Protohermes walkeri Navás, 1929Protohermes weelei Navás, 1925Protohermes wuyishanicus Li & X.-y. Liu, 2021Protohermes xanthodes Navás, 1914Protohermes xingshanensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2005Protohermes yangi X.-y. Liu et al., 2007Protohermes yunnanensis C.-k. Yang & D. Yang, 1988Protohermes zhuae X.-y. Liu et al., 2008Some authors recognize species-group assemblages within the genus, and other authors treat the genus Neurhermes as valid, but are generally treated as Protohermes.