Proto-Circassian Proto-Circassian is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages.Phonology Consonants The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates , and a two-way contrast in fricatives .In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of aspirated consonants that survived in the Shapsug and Bzhedugh dialect while they became plain consonants in the other dialects.Word Proto Shapsug Abzakh Kabardian noise pʰa pʰa pa pa sharp pʰaːɣa pʰaːɣa paːɣa paːɣa pillow ʂħaːntʰa ʂħaːtʰa ʂħaːnta ɕħaːnta wool t͡sʰə t͡sʰə t͡sə t͡sə brother t͡ʃʰə ʃʰə ʃə qʷaʃ lame ɬaːʃʰa ɬaːʃʰa ɬaːʃa ɬaːʃa thigh kʰʷa kʰʷa kʷa kʷa grave qʰa qʰa qa q͡χa pig qʷʰa qʷʰa qʷa q͡χʷa
In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of tense consonants that became voiced in the eastern dialects.Word Proto Bzhedug Baslaney Kabardian we ta ta da da leader tħamaːta tħamaːta tħamaːda tħamaːda fish pt͡saʐəja pt͡saʐəja bd͡zaʐej bd͡zaʑej glass aːpkʲ aːpt͡ʃ ʔaːbɡʲ ʔaːbd͡ʒ chicken kʲat t͡ʃatə ɡʲad d͡ʒad night t͡ʃaɕ t͡ʃaɕə d͡ʒaɕ ʒaɕ village t͡ʃəɮa t͡ʃəɮa d͡ʒəɮa ʒəɮa cow t͡ʃam t͡ʃamə d͡ʒam ʒam tree t͡ʂəɣ t͡ʂəɣə d͡ʐəɣ ʒəɣ mouse t͡səʁʷa t͡səʁʷa d͡zəʁʷa d͡zəʁʷa short kʲʼaːkʷa t͡ʃʼaːkʷa kʲʼaːɡʷa t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa wheat kʷat͡s kʷat͡sə ɡʷad͡z ɡʷad͡z
In the Proto-Circassian language there exist a palatalized voiced velar stop , a palatalized aspirated voiceless velar stop , a palatalized voiceless velar stop and a palatalized velar ejective . The consonants гь, кь and кӏь survive in the Shapsug dialect , in the Besleney dialect and in the Kabardian Uzunyayla dialect. In other Circassian dialects they were merged with the palato-alveolar consonants дж, ч and кӏ respectively.Word Proto Shapsug Bzhedug Baslaney Kabardian to cough pskʲʰan pskʲʰan pst͡ʃan pskʲan pst͡ʃan game ɡʲaɡʷ ɡʲaɡʷ d͡ʒaɡʷ ɡʲaɡʷ d͡ʒaɡʷ shirt ɡʲaːna ɡʲaːna d͡ʒːna ɡʲaːna d͡ʒːna glass aːpkʲ aːpkʲ aːpt͡ʃ ʔaːbɡʲ ʔaːbd͡ʒ chicken kʲat kʲat t͡ʃatə ɡʲad d͡ʒad short kʲʼaːkʷa kʲʼaːkʷa t͡ʃʼaːkʷa kʲʼaːɡʷa t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa rope kʲʼaːpsa kʲʼaːpsa t͡ʃʼaːpsa kʲʼaːpsa t͡ʃʼaːpsa
Affricate to fricative In the Abzakh and the Kabardian dialects, the affricate postalveolar consonants became fricative.Word Proto Bzhedug Abzakh Baslaney Kabardian fox baːd͡ʒa baːd͡ʒa baːʒa baːd͡ʒa baːʒa village qʷaːd͡ʒa qʷaːd͡ʒa qʷaːʒa qʷaːd͡ʒa qʷaːʒa village t͡ʃəɮa t͡ʃəɮa ʃəɮa d͡ʒəɮa ʒəɮa night t͡ʃaɕ t͡ʃaɕə ʃaɕə d͡ʒaɕ ʒaɕ cow t͡ʃam t͡ʃamə ʃamə d͡ʒam ʒam new t͡ʃʼa t͡ʃʼa ʃʼa t͡ʃʼa ɕʼa winter t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa t͡ʃʼəmaːfa ʃʼəmaːfa t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ɕʼəmaːxʷa young-man t͡ʃʼaːɮa t͡ʃʼaːɮa ʔʲaːɮa t͡ʃʼaːɮa ɕʼaːɮa to sleep t͡ʂəjan t͡ʂəjan ʂəjan d͡ʐajən ʒajən tree t͡ʂəɣ t͡ʂəɣə ʂəɣə d͡ʐəɣ ʒəɣ to run t͡ʂan t͡ʂan tʂan d͡ʐan ʒan area t͡ʂʼəpʼa t͡ʂʼəpʼa ʃʼəpʼa t͡ʂʼəpʼa ɕʼəpʼa iron ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ʃʼəpʼa ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ɕʼəpʼa
Proto-Circassian had a labialized voiceless velar fricative which survived in the eastern dialects while it became a voiceless labiodental fricative in the western dialects.Word Proto Western Eastern human t͡sʼəxʷ t͡sʼəf t͡sʼəxʷ white xʷəʑ fəʑə xʷəʑ hot xʷaːba faːba xʷaːba day maːxʷa maːfa maːxʷa
Labialized postalveolar Proto-Circassian had a series of labialized postalveolar consonants. These consonants survived in the western dialects while they became labiodental consonants in the eastern dialects.Word Proto Western Eastern ox t͡ɕʷə t͡ɕʷə və shoe t͡ɕʷaːqa t͡ɕʷaːqa vaːqa star ʑʷaːʁʷa ʑʷaːʁʷa vaːʁʷa stone məʑʷa məʑʷa məva narrow zaʑʷə zaʑʷə zavə you ɕʷa ɕʷa fa honey ɕʷaw ɕʷaw faw wife ɕʷəz ɕʷəz fəz black ɕʷʼət͡sʼa ɕʷʼət͡sʼa fʼət͡sʼa fire машӏо машӏо мафӏэ dirty ɕʷʼajə ɕʷʼajə fʼaj
Grammar Numbers Schleicher's fable in Proto-Circassian:
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