Press coverage during the Armenian genocide

This page contains a selected list of press headlines relevant to the Armenian genocide in chronological order, as recorded in newspaper archives. The sources prior to 1914 relate in large part to the Hamidian massacres and the Adana massacre.
The Armenian genocide was widely covered in the international community and in many publications such as magazines, newspapers, books, and memoirs. Some organizations, such as the Near East Foundation, used media and newspapers to raise the plight of the Armenians. However, after World War I ended, the Armenian genocide received little press coverage for the first half of the 20th century. Coverage and public discussion resumed in the last quarter of the 20th century and continued into the 21st century.
Press discussion and photographs have been particularly important in educating the public about the Genocide. Press coverage is also considered valuable and important because it constitutes primary sources of what was widely known at the time. During the time period, much of the global press had condemned the nature of the massacres and called for aid of the Armenians. Coverage of the Armenian genocide was done by many throughout the world and were often similar when depicting the massacres. Many well-known newspapers in the English language such as The Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Globe and Mail, The Toronto Star, The Montreal Gazette, and others also reported extensively about the events. It is believed that The New York Times published thousands of articles pertaining to the Armenian massacres between 1894-1922 and 124 articles in 1915 alone. Some countries, like Australia, relied largely on news agencies in Europe for their information. It is noted that newspapers such as The Washington Post and The New York Times reported on the Armenian massacres almost daily for over a year. The coverage mainly included reports by correspondents, travelers, and consuls or ambassadors of different countries based in the different regions of the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, detailed reports came from missionaries who witnessed the massacres and attempted to aid orphans and other survivors. Local press coverage in the Ottoman Empire came mainly from the Takvim-i Vekayi, the official gazette of the Ottoman government. During the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920, the newspaper became especially important because it reported the cross-examinations of Turkish officials and the verdict of court which sentenced Talat, Enver, and Cemal Pashas to death for their roles in massacres against Armenians. Noteworthy studies of the press coverage of Muslim communities in the Middle East and particularly that of Syria have also been instrumental in depicting first hand accounts of the Armenian deportees exiled to the area. The Syrian press also made note of the demographic impact of the Armenian deportees into the region and condemned the Ottoman government for what it largely believed was a campaign of "annihilation", "extermination", and the "uprooting of a race".
Terms such as "massacre", "killed", "murdered", "slaughtered", "systematic massacre", "extermination", "atrocities", and "war crimes" were used instead of "genocide" during the period, as Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" much later in 1943.
Exhibitions set up by the Armenian Genocide Museum in Yerevan have been held in Denmark, Lebanon, Sweden, and the United States displaying numerous periodicals from the international press dating from 1860 to 1922. There have also been numerous studies and books published about the press coverage of the Genocide including: "El Genocidio armenio en la prensa del Uruguay, año 1915" by Daniel Karamanoukian, "Le Genocide Armenien dans la presse Canadian" by the Armenian Youth Federation of Canada, "The Armenian Genocide: News Accounts From the American Press 1915-1922" by Richard G. Kloian, "The Armenian Genocide as Reported in the Australian Press" by Vahe Kateb, "Heralding of the Armenian Genocide: Reports in The Halifax Herald, 1894-1922" by Katia Minas Peltekian, ""The Globe"'s representation of the Armenian genocide and Canada's acknowledgement" by Karen Ashford, "Through the Eyes of the "Post": American Media Coverage of the Armenian Genocide by Jessica L. Taylor" and others.

List

Included in this list are examples of newspaper articles as republished by various secondary sources. The list also includes press coverage of the massacres prior to the Armenian genocide such as the Hamidian massacre and the Adana massacre. These massacres are viewed by scholars as beginning a process of exterminating the Armenian people which, in large part, culminated in the final process of genocide in 1915. Much of this is apparent in the press articles themselves since they repeatedly place the massacres of 1915 in the context of the previous massacres. Other scholars, such as the Soviet historians Mkrtich G. Nersisyan, Ruben Sahakyan, John Kirakosyan, and Yehuda Bauer subscribe to the view that the mass killings of 1894–96 during the Hamidian massacre were the first phase of the Armenian Genocide. Even though the Hamidian massacres ended in 1896, Armenians continued to be massacred during what many believed to be "peaceful times". The massacres conducted during these times involved dislocation, disarmament, dispersion, and ultimately murder.

Hamidian massacres and pre–Young Turk Revolution

1890

July 25, 1890, Los Angeles Times, "Turkish Atrocities: Details of the Massacre at Erzeroum"
July 26, 1890, New York Times, ""
November 6, 1890, New York Times, ""

1893

April 10, 1893, The Washington Post, "Dungeons for Christians: Nearly 2,000 Armenians immured in Turkish prisons."
August 4, 1893, Los Angeles Times, "The Armenians: Innocent Christians executed by the Ottoman Authorities."
October 20, 1893, Chicago Daily Tribune, "Armenians murdered in Turkey: Hundreds of bodies thrown into the harbor of Constantinople."

1894

November 17, 1894, New York Times, ""
November 19, 1894, The Sydney Morning Herald, ""
November 20, 1894, The Age, ""
November 20, 1894, The Halifax Herald, "Massacre of Armenians: Horrible tales of butchery perpetrated by Turks - Thousands were killed."
November 22, 1894, Chicago Daily Tribune, ""
December 4, 1894, The Record-Union, ""
December 6, 1894, The Scranton Tribune, ""
December 7, 1894, Bismarck Weekly Tribune, ""
December 17, 1894, Boston Evening Transcript, ""

1895

January 14, 1895, New York Times, ""
January 16, 1895, New York Times, ""
February 3, 1895, Los Angeles Herald, ""
February 28, 1895, The Halifax Herald, "Horrible Massacres: Treacherous Turkish troops murder 360 Armenians of all ages and both sexes."
March 16, 1895, New York Times, ""
March 16, 1895, New York Times, ""
March 25, 1895, New York Times,
May 29, 1895, Los Angeles Times, ""
June 13, 1895, The Halifax Herald, "Turkish Atrocities: Pitiful stories of pillage, burning, torture and murder."
August 5, 1895, L'Univers Illustre,
September 5, 1895, New York Times, ""
September 10, 1895, New York Times, ""
September 10, 1895, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, ""
September 13, 1895, Le Petit Journal, ""
October 5, 1895, The Salt Lake Herald, ""
October 27, 1895, Il Secolo Illustrato, ""
November 17, 1895, Sunday Herald, ""
November 17, 1895, Il Secolo Illustrato, ""
November 19, 1895, The San Francisco Call, ""
November 29, 1895, Vermont Phoenix, ""
December 4, 1895, The Chenango Semi-Weekly Telegraph, ""
December 14, 1895, Harpers Weekly, "The Armenian Massacres-Burying the Victims"

1896

1896, Le Musée de Sires, ""
January 25, 1896, Salt Lake Herald, ""
February 12, 1896, Staunton Spectator, ""
February 24, 1896, The Los Angeles Herald, ""
May 20, 1896, The Sydney Morning Herald, ""
May 23, 1896, The Sydney Mail, ""
August 29, 1896, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, ""
August 30, 1896, The Philadelphia Record, ""
October 24, 1896, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, ""

1897

March 14, 1897, La Libre Parole,"", page 1.
March 27, 1897, The Sydney Morning Herald, "", page 5.
April 3, 1897, The Sydney Mail, "", page 7.
May 29, 1897, Le Rire, "", page 1.

1898

August 5, 1898, The Glasgow Herald, "", page 9.

1900

January 19, 1900, The Nebraska Advertiser, "", page 7.
February 2, 1900, Boston Evening Transcript, "", page 12.
February 2, 1900, The Meriden Daily Journal, Connecticut, "", page 1.
August 10, 1900, The St. Louis Republic, "", page 1.
August 10, 1900, New York Tribune, "", page 9
August 17, 1900, The McCook Tribune, "", page 7.
October 21, 1900, New York Times, ""
October 21, 1900, Chicago Daily Tribune, "Frightful massacres of Armenians occurred in the district of Diarbekir."

1901

August 30, 1901, The San Francisco Call, ""
August 30, 1901, The Norfolk Weekly News-Journal, ""
September 6, 1901, The McCook Tribune, ""
December 14, 1901, New York Times, ""

1902

April 16, 1902, The Jennings Daily Record, ""

1903

April 29, 1903, The Spokane Press, ""
April 29, 1903, The Washington Times, ""
April 29, 1903, The Daily Journal, ""
May 1, 1903, The Stark County Democrat, ""
May 4, 1903, Aberdeen Herald, ""
November 13, 1903, Baltimore Morning Herald, ""
November 13, 1903, Spokane Daily Chronicle, ""

1904

May 9, 1904, The St. Louis Republic, ""
May 13, 1904, The Day, ""
May 13, 1904, The Lewiston Daily Sun, ""
May 13, 1904, The Deseret News, ""
May 13, 1904, The Tacoma Times, ""
May 14, 1904, Atlanta Constitution, ""
May 14, 1904, Washington Post, "Sassoun Armenians practically exterminated by the Turks"
May 14, 1904, The Paducah Sun, ""
May 19, 1904, The Weekly Guernsey Times, ""
May 29, 1904, Chicago Daily Tribune, "Turks said to have destroyed forty-three villages and massacred the inhabitants"
June 9, 1904, New York Times, ""
June 13, 1904, The Spokane Press, ""
June 16, 1904, Mansfield Daily Shield, ""
June 30, 1904, The Montreal Gazette, ""
July 4, 1904, New York Times, ""
July 6, 1904, The Minneapolis Journal, ""
July 25, 1904, The Spokane Press, ""
August 3, 1904, The Star, ""

1906

May 11, 1906, The Hawaiian Gazette, ""

1907

November 26, 1907, The Marion Daily Mirror, ""
November 29, 1907, The Sydney Morning Herald, ""

Adana Massacre

1909

April 21, 1909, New York Times, ""
April 21, 1909, The Wayne County Democrat, ""
April 22, 1909, Oakland Tribune, ""
April 23, 1909, New York Times, ""
April 25, 1909, New York Times, ""
April 25, 1909, The Pensacola Journal, ""
April 25, 1909, Bismarck Daily Tribune, ""
April 26, 1909, Sydney Morning Herald, ""
April 29, 1909, The Evening Statesman, ""
May 2, 1909, Le Pelerin, ""
May 2, 1909, Le Petit Journal, ""
May 5, 1909, The Pensacola Journal, "
May 16–23, 1909, La Domenica Del Corriere, ""
July 14, 1909, Christian Herald, ""
July 18, 1909, Journal des Voyages, ""
August 22, 1909, New York Times, ""

1912

September 9, 1912, El Paso Herald, ""

Armenian genocide

1913

January, 1913, The Living Age, " "
July 5, 1913, The Literary Digest, " "

1914

November 12, 1914, New York Times, ""

1915

;January

January 11, 1915, New York Times, ""
January 13, 1915, New York Times, ""
January 30, 1915, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, "

;March

March 20, 1915, New York Times, ""

;April

April 26, 1915, The Cleveland Leader, ""
April 28, 1915, Atalanta Constitution, ""
April 28, 1915, Atlanta Constitution, ""
April 28, 1915, New York Times, ""
April 29, 1915, New York Times, " "

;May

May 10, 1915, St. Paul Pioneer Press, " "
May 17, 1915, The Ogden Standard, ""
May 18, 1915, New York Times, ""
May 18, 1915, Richmond Times-Dispatch, ""
May 24, 1915, New York Times, ""
May 25, 1915, Zeehan and Dunas Herald, ""
May 25, 1915, Northern Star, ""

;July

July 12, 1915, New York Times, ""
July 29, 1915, The Times, ""
July 29, 1915, New York Times, ""

;August

August 4, 1915, New York Times, ""
August 6, 1915, New York Times, ""
August 10, 1915, New York Times, ""
August 17, 1915, The Times, ""
August 18, 1915, New York Times, ""
August 20, 1915, New York Times, ""
August 25, 1915, New York Times, ""
August 25, 1915, New York Times, ""

;September

September 5, 1915, New York Times, " "
September 7, 1915, Saint Paul Pioneer Press, " "
September 13, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
September 14, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 16, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 21, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 23, 1915, The Winona Independent, " "
September 23, 1915, The Evening Independent, ""
September 23, 1915, The Mercury, ""
September 24, 1915, The Duluth Herald, " "
September 24, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 25, 1915, The Glasgow Herald, ""
September 25, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 27, 1915, The Independent, "The Depopulation of Armenia"
September 27, 1915, The Superior News Tribune, " "
September 27, 1915, Los Angeles Times, ""
September 27, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 27, 1915, The Sun, ""
September 27, 1915, The Independent, ""
September 28, 1915, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, ""
September 28, 1915, The Horsham Times, ""
September 28, 1915, Kerang New Times, ""
September 29, 1915, The Toronto World, ""
September 29, 1915, The Outlook, " "
September 29, 1915, New York Times, ""
September 30, 1915, St. Paul Pioneer Press, "
September 30, 1915, New York Times, " "
September 30, 1915, The Times, ""

;October

October 1, 1915, The Washington Herald, ""
October 2, 1915, Survey Magazine, ""
October 4, 1915, New York Times, ""
October 4, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
October 4, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
October 5, 1915, The Minneapolis Journal, " "
October 5, 1915, Springfield Republican, ""
October 5, 1915, The Duluth Herald, " "
October 5, 1915, The Pittsburgh Press, ""
October 5, 1915, Easton Free Press, ""
October 6, 1915, Keowee Courier, ""
October 7, 1915, The Times, ""
October 7, 1915, New York Times, ""
October 7, 1915, New York Times, ""
October 8, 1915 The Ballarat Courier, ""
October 8, 1915, Dutch Herald, " "
October 8, 1915, The Times, ""
October 8, 1915, St. Paul Pioneer Press, " "
October 9, 1915, The Literary Digest, " "
October 10, 1915, New York Times, ""
October 10, 1915, Duluth News Tribune " "
October 11, 1915, The Duluth Herald, " "
October 12, 1915, Easton Free Press, ""
October 13, 1915, Rochester Daily Post and Record, " "
October 13, 1915, The Gazette Times, ""
October 13, 1915, Duluth Weekly Herald, " "
October 13, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
October 13, 1915, Los Angeles Times, "Gives Details of Massacres: American Committee Receives News from Armenia; Convicts are Turned Loose to Murder People; Thousands of Victims are Killed on Highways."
October 14, 1915, The Times, ""
October 14, 1915, Toledo Blade, ""
October 15, 1915, Los Angeles Times, "Ask Wilson to Stop Armenian Massacres: Resolutions of Laymen's Missionary Movement Request President to Act-Rev. Ernest Partridge of Sivas, Turkey, Tells Delegates 800,000 Persons have been Killed and that Whole Race will be Wiped Out"
October 17, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
October 18, 1915, New York Times, ""
October 18, 1915, Iskri Newspaper, ""
October 18, 1915, The Independent, ""
October 22, 1915, New York Times, ""
October 22, 1915, The Daily Star, ""
October 22, 1915, The Washington Herald, ""
October 23, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
October 23, 1915, Honolulu Star Bulletin, ""
October 23, 1915, La Rire Rouge, ""
October 26, 1915, Duluth News Tribune, " "
October 26, 1915, Cornell Daily Sun, ""
October 27, 1915, Weekly Journal-Miner, ""

;November

November 1, 1915, New York Times, ","
November 27, 1915, Christian Science Monitor, ""
November 27, 1915, Springfield Republican, ""
November 29, 1915, Warwick Examiner and Times, ""
November 29, 1915, The Argus, ""

;December

December 3, 1915, The Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times, ""
December 12, 1915, Le Petit Journal, ""
December 12, 1915, New York Times, ""
December 15, 1915, New York Times, ""
December 18, 1915, The Bathurst Times, ""
December 19, 1915, The Washington Herald, ""

1916

January 17, 1916, Warwick Examiner and Times, ""
January 26, 1916 New York Times, ""
January 29, 1916, Bisbee Daily Review, ""
February 5, 1916, The New Age, ""
February 6, 1916, The Sun, ""
February 6, 1916, New York Times, ""
February 14, 1916, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, ""
February 21, 1916, The Ballarat Courier, ""
May 6, 1916, Le Matin, " "
June 6, 1919, Youngstown Vindicator, ""
June 30, 1916, Excelsior, ""
July 5, 1916, Outlook Magazine, ""
July 12, 1916, New York Times, ""
July 24, 1916, The Times, ""
August 21, 1916, New York Times, ""
October 4, 1916, The Spokesman-Review, ""
October 4, 1916, The Atlanta Constitution, ""
October 4, 1916, The Day, ""
October 25, 1916, The Kosciusko Union, ""
October 1916, The Missionary Review of the World, ""
November, 1916, The Atlantic Monthly, " "
November 11, 1916, Literary Digest, " "
November 12, 1916, New York Times, ""
November 12, 1916, New York Times, "
November 27, 1916, "Armjanski vestnik, ""
December 3, 1916, Los Angeles Times, "Fresh Horrors of Armenian Massacres Reported From Asiatic Turkey."

1917

January 1, 1917, New York Times, ""
January 27, 1917, The New Republic, " "
February 26, 1917, The Sydney Morning Herald, ""
June 23, 1917, The Independent, " "
September 30, 1917, The Troy Sunday Budget, ""
September 30, 1917, New York Times, ""
September 30, 1917,The Spokesman-Review, ""
September 30, 1917, Los Angeles Times, "Turk Murders Defy Relation.: Minister from Front Tells of War Atrocities; Clothing of Children is Prize for Death; Sufferings in Armenia are Vividly Told."
October 18, 1917, Cornell Daily Sun, ""
November 1917: New York Times - Current History ""

1918

January 27, 1918, The Sun, ""
March, 1918, The Red Cross Magazine, " "
March 18, 1918, The Times, ""
March 21, 1918, The Mineral Country Press, ""
April 28, 1918, New York Tribune, ""
August, 1918, The World's Work, ""
October, 1918, The World's Work, ""

1919

January 2, 1919, Le Petite Parisien, ""
January 4, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, ""
January 6, 1919, Port Pirie Recorder, ""
January 11, 1919, The Colville Examiner, ""
February 12, 1919, New York Times, ""
February 15, 1919, Le Feu, ""
March 28, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, ""
April 14, 1919, New York Times, ""
April 26, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, ""
June 1, 1919, New York Times, ""
June 7, 1919, New York Times, ""
June 27, 1919, New York Tribune, ""
July 13, 1919, New York Tribune, ""
July 30, 1919, Spokane Chronicle, ""
July 31, 1919, The Brisbee Daily Review, ""
August, 1919, The National Geographic, " "
October 1, 1919, New York Tribune, ""
November, 1919, National Geographic, " "
December 19, 1919, The Maui News, ""
December 19, 1919, Holt County Sentinel, ""

1920

January 4, 1920, The Minneapolis Journal, " "
February 14, 1920, The Toledo News-Bee, ""
February 17, 1920, The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, " "
February 28, 1920, The Independent, "" by Henry Morgenthau
February 29, 1920, Bisbee Daily Review, ""
March 1, 1920, The Pittsburgh Press, ""
March 2, 1920, The Times, "
March 3, 1920, The Times, "
March 8, 1920, Jerusalem News, " "
March 8, 1920, The Toronto World, ""
April 17, 1920, The Pittsburgh Press, ""
September 5, 1920, The Washington Times, ""

1921

June 4, 1921, The Sydney Morning Herald, ""
November 23, 1921, The Minneapolis Journal, " "

1922

February 25, 1922, Literary Digest, "Armenia's Tragic Finish"
October, 1922, New York Times, ""
November 28, 1922, St. Petersburg Times, ""