Pre-dreadnought battleship
Pre-dreadnought battleships were sea-going battleships built from the mid- to late- 1880s to the early 1900s. Their designs were conceived before the appearance of in 1906 and their classification as "pre-dreadnought" is retrospectively applied. In their day, they were simply known as "battleships" or else more rank-specific terms such as "first-class battleship" and so forth. The pre-dreadnought battleships were the pre-eminent warships of their time and replaced the ironclad battleships of the 1870s and 1880s.
In contrast to the multifarious development of ironclads in preceding decades, the 1890s saw navies worldwide start to build battleships to a common design as dozens of ships essentially followed the design of the Royal Navy's. Built from steel, protected by compound, nickel steel or case-hardened steel armor, pre-dreadnought battleships were driven by coal-fired boilers powering compound reciprocating steam engines which turned underwater screws. These ships distinctively carried a main battery of very heavy guns upon the weather deck, in large rotating mounts either fully or partially armored over, and supported by one or more secondary batteries of lighter weapons on broadside.
The similarity in appearance of battleships in the 1890s was underlined by the increasing number of ships being built. New naval powers such as Germany, Japan, the United States, and to a lesser extent Italy and Austria-Hungary, began to establish themselves with fleets of pre-dreadnoughts. Meanwhile, the battleship fleets of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia expanded to meet these new threats. The last decisive clash of pre-dreadnought fleets was between the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Imperial Russian Navy at the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905.
These battleships were abruptly made obsolete by the arrival of HMS Dreadnought in 1906. Dreadnought followed the trend in battleship design to heavier, longer-ranged guns by adopting an "all-big-gun" armament scheme of ten 12-inch guns. Her innovative steam turbine engines also made her faster. The existing battleships were decisively outclassed, with no more being designed to their format thereafter; the new, larger and more powerful, battleships built from then on were known as dreadnoughts. This was the point at which the ships that had been laid down before were re-designated "pre-dreadnoughts".
Evolution
The pre-dreadnought developed from the ironclad battleship. The first ironclads—the French Gloire and —looked much like sailing frigates, with three tall masts and broadside batteries, when they were commissioned in the early 1860s. HMVS Cerberus, the first breastwork monitor, was launched in 1868, followed in 1871 by, a turreted ironclad which more resembled a pre-dreadnought than the previous, and its contemporary, turretless ironclads. Both ships dispensed with masts and carried four heavy guns in two turrets fore and aft. Devastation was the first ocean-going breastwork monitor; although her very low freeboard, meant that her decks were subject to being swept by water and spray, interfering with the working of her guns. Navies worldwide continued to build masted, turretless battleships which had sufficient freeboard and were seaworthy enough to fight on the high seas.The distinction between the coast-assault battleship and the cruising battleship became blurred with the Admiral-class ironclads, ordered in 1880. These ships reflected developments in ironclad design, being protected by iron-and-steel compound armor rather than wrought iron. Equipped with breech-loading guns of between 12-inch and 16 ¼-inch caliber, the Admirals continued the trend of ironclad warships mounting gigantic weapons. The guns were mounted in open barbettes to save weight. Some historians see these ships as a vital step towards pre-dreadnoughts; others view them as a confused and unsuccessful design.
The subsequent of 1889 retained barbettes but were uniformly armed with guns; they were also significantly larger and faster than the Admirals. Just as importantly, the Royal Sovereigns had a higher freeboard, making them unequivocally capable of performing the high-seas battleship role.
The pre-dreadnought design reached maturity in 1895 with the. These ships were built and armored entirely of steel, and their guns were now mounted in fully-enclosed rotating turrets. They also adopted main guns, which, because of advances in gun construction and the use of cordite propellant, were lighter and more powerful than the previous guns of larger caliber. The Majestics provided the model for battleship construction in the Royal Navy and many other navies for years to come.
Armament
Pre-dreadnoughts carried guns of several different calibers, for different roles in ship-to-ship combat.Main battery
Very few pre-dreadnoughts deviated from what became the classic arrangement of heavy weaponry: A main battery of four heavy guns mounted in two center-line gunhouses fore and aft. These main guns were slow-firing, and initially of limited accuracy; but they were the only guns heavy enough to penetrate the thick armor which protected the engines, magazines, and main guns of enemy battleships.The most common caliber for this main armament was, although earlier ships often had larger-caliber weapons of lower muzzle velocity and some designs used smaller guns because they could attain higher rates of fire. All British first-class battleships from the Majestic class onwards carried 12-inch weapons, as did French battleships from the class, laid down in 1894. Japan, importing most of its guns from Britain, used this caliber also. The United States used both 12-inch and guns for most of the 1890s until the, laid down in 1899, after which the 12-inch gun was universal. The Russians used both 12 and guns as their main armament; the,,, and had main batteries while the mounted 10-inch guns. The first German pre-dreadnought class used an gun but decreased to a gun for the two following classes and returned to 11-inch guns with the.
While the caliber of the main battery remained generally constant, the performance of the guns improved as longer barrels were introduced. The introduction of slow-burning nitrocellulose and cordite propellant allowed the employment of a longer barrel, and therefore higher muzzle velocity—giving greater range and penetrating power for the same caliber of shell. Between the Majestic class and Dreadnought, the length of the British 12-inch gun increased from 35 calibers to 45 and muzzle velocity increased from per second to per second.