Philosophers' ships
The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamers were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922.
The main load was handled by two German ships, the Oberbürgermeister Haken and the Preussen, which transported more than 200 expelled Russian intellectuals and their families in September and November 1922 from Petrograd to the seaport of Stettin in Germany. Three detention lists included 228 people, 32 of them students.
Later in 1922, other intellectuals were transported by train to Riga in Latvia or by ship from Odessa to Istanbul.
Among the expelled
- Vladimir Abrikosov
- Yuly Aikhenvald
- Nikolai Berdyaev
- Alexander Bogolepov
- Boris Brutskus
- Sergei Bulgakov
- Valentin Bulgakov
- Semyon Frank
- Ivan Ilyin
- Lev Karsavin
- Nikolai Lossky
- Mikhail Osorgin
- Pitirim Sorokin
- Fyodor Stepun
- Boris Vysheslavtsev
Literature
- Catherine Baird. Revolution from Within: The Ymca in Russia’s Ascension to Freedom from Bolshevik Tyranny, 2013,
- Lesley Chamberlain, Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia, St Martin's Press, 2007;
- V. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov: «Passazhiry ‹filosofskogo parokhoda›. ». // Voprosy filosofii 7 2003, p. 113-137 .