Philip Agee
Philip Burnett Franklin Agee was a Central Intelligence Agency case officer and writer of the 1975 bestseller, Inside the Company: CIA Diary, detailing his experiences in the Agency. Agee joined the CIA in 1957, and over the next decade had postings in Washington, D.C., Ecuador, Uruguay and Mexico. After resigning from the CIA in 1968, he became a leading opponent of its practices. A co-founder of the CounterSpy and CovertAction series of periodicals, he died in Cuba in January 2008.
Early years
Agee was born in Tacoma, Florida and raised in Tampa. In his memoir On the Run, he wrote that he had "a privileged upbringing in a big white house bordering an exclusive golf club". After graduating from Tampa's Jesuit High School, he attended the University of Notre Dame, from which he graduated cum laude in 1956. He later attended the University of Florida College of Law, and served in the United States Air Force from 1957 to 1960. Agee then worked as a case officer for the Central Intelligence Agency from 1960 to 1968, including postings to Quito, Montevideo, and Mexico City.Leaving the CIA
Agee stated that by the late 1960s, his Roman Catholic social conscience had made him increasingly uncomfortable with his work, resulting in his disillusionment with the CIA and its support for authoritarian governments across Latin America. He came to believe that the Agency was repressing legitimate national ideals to serve the interests of U.S. multinational corporations. He was disturbed that U.S. forces were used to quell the revolution in the Dominican Republic in 1965, "not because it was Communist but because it was nationalist".Agee's disillusionment came to a head in the months leading up to and during the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. Beginning in summer of 1967, he had a "cover" assignment to work with the Olympic Organizing Committee and its year-long Cultural Program of events. Agee's marriage to Janet was ending, and in an Inside the Company diary entry from December 1967, he wrote:
In a June 1968 meeting with his manager, Agee learned that the CIA station in Mexico City was "very pleased with his work" and offered him "another promotion", and that his manager "was startled" when hearing of Agee's plans to resign later in the year. Agee said he explained his decision from a purely personal standpoint, i.e., he had met someone, he wanted to remarry and remain in Mexico after the Olympics.
In his diary entries from October 1968—his final ones as a CIA employee—Agee condemned the Mexican government's violence against protesters, and his own complicity in the crackdown. In particular, he cited the Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City, which cemented his decision to resign.
In his 1983 book KGB Today, John Barron offered a contrasting view, stating that Agee's resignation was forced "for a variety of reasons, including his irresponsible drinking, continuous and vulgar propositioning of embassy wives, and inability to manage his finances". Agee said these claims were ad hominem attacks meant to discredit him.
Allegations of links to foreign intelligence
Russian exile Oleg Kalugin, former head of the KGB's Counterintelligence Directorate, alleged that in 1973 Agee approached the KGB's resident in Mexico City and offered a "treasure trove of information." According to Kalugin, the KGB was too suspicious to accept the offer.Kalugin writes that Agee then went to the Cubans, who "welcomed him with open arms." The Cubans shared Agee's information with the KGB, but Kalugin continued to regret the missed opportunity to have direct access to this asset.
According to Mitrokhin, while Agee was writing Inside the Company, the KGB kept in contact with him through a London correspondent of the Novosti News Agency.
Agee was accused of receiving up to US$1 million in payments from the Cuban intelligence service. He denied the accusations, which were first made by a high-ranking Cuban intelligence officer and defector in a 1992 Los Angeles Times report.
A later Los Angeles Times article claimed that Agee posed as a CIA Inspector General staff member in order to target a member of the CIA Mexico City station on behalf of Cuban intelligence. According to this story, Agee was identified during a meeting by a CIA case officer.
Vasili Mitrokhin's KGB files allege that Inside the Company was "prepared by Service A, together with the Cubans". Mitrokhin's notes however do not indicate what the KGB and DGI contributed to Agee's text. Mitrokhin further reports that Agee removed all references to CIA penetration of Latin American Communist parties from his typescript before publication at the request of Service A.
In July 1978, Agee began publishing CovertAction Information Bulletin. Mitrokhin's files claim the Bulletin was founded on the KGB's initiative, that the group running it was "put together" by First Chief Directorate counter-intelligence, and that Agee was the only group member who was aware of KGB or DGI involvement. According to the files, KGB headquarters assembled a team to keep CAIB supplied with material specifically designed to compromise the CIA. A document titled Director of Central Intelligence: Perspectives for Intelligence, 1976-1981 was provided to Agee by the KGB. Agee highlighted in his commentary Director of Central Intelligence William Colby's complaint that the CAIB was among the most serious problems facing the CIA. Also from Mitrokhin's files: For Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa, Agee met with Oleg Maksimovich Nechiporenko and A. N. Istkov of the KGB, and they gave him a list of CIA officers working in Africa; but that he decided to not identify himself as one of the book's authors out of fear he would lose his residence permit in Germany.
To the end of his life, Agee consistently and categorically denied ever having worked for any foreign intelligence service after leaving the CIA. He said he was motivated by conscience and not by pursuit of personal gain. In support of this, he adduces the relentless persecution he endured from the CIA, as it and the U.S. State Department revoked his passport and succeeded in having him deported from several Western European countries, one after the other, until he finally found refuge in Cuba.
''Inside the Company: CIA Diary''
Agee's memoir of his time in the CIA was titled Inside the Company: CIA Diary. Because of legal problems in the United States, Inside the Company was first published in 1975 in Britain, while Agee was living in London. The book was delayed for six months before being published in the U.S.; it was an immediate bestseller, eventually translated into 20 languages. He became an internationally known whistle-blower and a hero of the left.In a Playboy magazine interview after the book's publication, Agee said: "Millions of people all over the world had been killed or at least had their lives destroyed by the CIA... I couldn't just sit by and do nothing." In the book's "Acknowledgments", he wrote: "Representatives of the Communist Party of Cuba also gave me important encouragement at a time when I doubted that I would be able to find the additional information I needed."
The London Evening News called Inside the Company: CIA Diary "a frightening picture of corruption, pressure, assassination and conspiracy". The Economist called the book "inescapable reading". Miles Copeland, Jr., a former CIA station chief in Cairo, said the book was "as complete an account of spy work as is likely to be published anywhere" and it is "an authentic account of how an ordinary American or British 'case officer' operates... All of it... is presented with deadly accuracy."
The book describes how U.S. embassies in Latin America worked with right-wing death squads, and funded anti-communist student and labour movement fronts, pro-U.S. political parties and individuals.
Inside the Company identified 250 purported CIA officers and agents. The list of officers and agents, all personally known to Agee, appears in an appendix to the book. While written as a diary, the book actually reconstructs events based on Agee's memory and his subsequent research.
Agee describes his first overseas assignment for the CIA in 1960 to Ecuador, where his primary mission was to force a diplomatic break between Ecuador and Cuba. He writes that the techniques he used included bribery, intimidation, bugging, and forgery. Agee spent four years in Ecuador penetrating Ecuadorian politics. He states that his actions subverted and destroyed the political fabric of Ecuador.
Agee helped bug the United Arab Republic code-room in Montevideo, Uruguay, with two contact microphones placed on the ceiling of the room below.
On December 12, 1965, Agee visited senior Uruguayan military and police officers at a Montevideo police headquarters. He realized that the screaming he heard from a nearby cell was the torturing of a Uruguayan, whose name he had given to the police as someone to watch. The Uruguayan senior officers simply turned up a radio report of a soccer game to drown out the screams.
Agee also ran CIA operations within the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games and he witnessed the events of the Tlatelolco massacre.
Agee identified President José Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica, President Luis Echeverría Álvarez of Mexico and President Alfonso López Michelsen of Colombia as CIA collaborators or agents.
Following this he details how he resigned from the CIA and began writing the book, conducting research in Cuba, London and Paris. During this time, he said the CIA spied on him. The cover of the book featured an image of the bugged typewriter given to Agee by a CIA agent as part of their surveillance and attempts to stop publication of the book. According to a former CIA officer, David Atlee Phillips, when the CIA discovered that Agee was going to publish a book it began what Phillips refers to as "a program of cauterization", wherein every CIA official and agent known to Agee were "terminated, and some relocated for their safety; and every operation which Agee might have been privy to was being terminated". Phillips says that this cost the Agency millions of dollars.
In response to Agee's book, and to the disclosing of covert CIA agents in the "Naming Names" column of CAIB, the United States Congress would pass the 1982 Intelligence Identities Protection Act, which made it a crime to intentionally reveal the identity of a covert intelligence officer. Use of the law was later considered during the 2003 Valerie Plame affair.