Phanerochaete
Phanerochaete is a genus of crust fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1889. Marinus Anton Donk redefined the limits of the genus in two publications in 1957 and 1962. Phanerochaete has traditionally been delimited based on the overall morphology of the fruit body, as well as microscopic characteristics including the nature of the hyphal structure, cystidia, and spores. Molecular analyses demonstrate that the genus is polyphyletic, containing members placed throughout the phlebioid clade of the Polyporales.The genus name is derived from the Greek words φανεφός and χαίτη.
Description
Phanerochaete species have membranaceous, crust-like fruit bodies. The hyphal system is monomitic, with simple-septate generative hyphae; single or multiple clamps may be present in the subiculum. The basidia are club-shaped and smooth. Spores of the genus are thin-walled, inamyloid, hyaline, and have a cylindrical to ellipsoidal shape. Phanerochaete species cause white rot on both conifers and hardwoods.Chemistry
Phanerochaete includes white rot fungi that are able to degrade the woody polymer lignin to carbon dioxide. This is achieved, in part, by lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases. These peroxidases are also able to mediate oxidation of a wide variety of organic pollutants. The genome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was sequenced and shows the genetic potential to make over 100 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. White rot fungi have been used in bioremediation efforts to break down potentially harmful chemicals in soil and in water. For example, phenol-formaldehyde is degraded by P. chrysosporium, while P. sordida breaks down the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin.Species
, Index Fungorum accepts 101 species of Phanerochaete:- Phanerochaete aculeata Hallenb.
- Phanerochaete affinis Parmasto
- Phanerochaete alba Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete albida Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete allantospora Burds. & Gilb.
- Phanerochaete alnea P.Karst.
- Phanerochaete aluticolor Melo, J.Cardoso, M.Dueñas, Salcedo & Tellería
- Phanerochaete andreae Burds., Beltrán-Tej. & Rodr.-Armas
- Phanerochaete angustocystidiata Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete arenata Jülich
- Phanerochaete areolata Hjortstam & Ryvarden
- Phanerochaete argillacea Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete arizonica Burds. & Gilb.
- Phanerochaete aurantiobadia Ghobad-Nejhad, S.L.Liu & E.Langer
- Phanerochaete australis Jülich
- Phanerochaete avellanea J.Erikss. & Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete bambucicola Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete binucleospordida Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles
- Phanerochaete brunnea Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete bubalina Burds.
- Phanerochaete burtii Parmasto
- Phanerochaete cacaina Burds. & Gilb.
- Phanerochaete cana Burds.
- Phanerochaete canobrunnea Sheng H. Wu, C.C. Chen & C.L. Wei - Taiwan
- Phanerochaete capitata Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete carnosa Parmasto
- Phanerochaete caucasica Burds.
- Phanerochaete citri A.B.De – India
- Phanerochaete citrinosanguinea D.Floudas & Hibbett
- Phanerochaete commixtoides Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen
- Phanerochaete conifericola D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett
- Phanerochaete cordylines Burds.
- Phanerochaete cremeo-ochracea Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete crescentispora Gilb. & Hemmes
- Phanerochaete cryptocystidiata Nakasone
- Phanerochaete cystidiata Sheng H. Wu, C.C. Chen & C.L. Wei - Taiwan
- Phanerochaete deflectens Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete eburnea Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete eichleriana Bres.
- Phanerochaete emplastra Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete exigua Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge
- Phanerochaete exilis Burds.
- Phanerochaete flava Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge
- Phanerochaete flavidogrisea Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete flavocarnea Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete fulva Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete furfuraceovelutinus Rajchenb.
- Phanerochaete fusca Sheng H. Wu, C.C. Chen & C.L. Wei - China
- Phanerochaete globosa Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete granulata Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete hiulca A.L.Welden
- Phanerochaete hyphocystidiata Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete incarnata Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete incrustans Rajchenb. & J.E.Wright
- Phanerochaete infuscata Hjortstam & Ryvarden
- Phanerochaete intertexta Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete investiens P.Roberts
- Phanerochaete jose-ferreirae D.A.Reid
- Phanerochaete laevis J.Erikss. & Ryvarden
- Phanerochaete leptoderma Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete lutea Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete luteoaurantiaca Burds.
- Phanerochaete macrocystidiata Hallenb.
- Phanerochaete martelliana J.Erikss. & Ryvarden
- Phanerochaete mauiensis Gilb. & Adask.
- Phanerochaete odontoidea Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete oreophila Gilb. & Hemmes
- Phanerochaete pallida Parmasto
- Phanerochaete parmastoi Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete parvispora Sheng H.Wu & Losi – Europe
- Phanerochaete percitrina P.Roberts & Hjortstam – Africa
- Phanerochaete phosphorescens A.L.Welden
- Phanerochaete porostereoides S.L.Liu & S.H.He – China
- Phanerochaete pseudosanguinea D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett
- Phanerochaete queletii Nakasone
- Phanerochaete radulans Hallenb.
- Phanerochaete reflexa Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete rhodella D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett
- Phanerochaete robusta Parmasto
- Phanerochaete rubescens Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete sacchari Burds.
- Phanerochaete salmoneolutea Burds. & Gilb.
- Phanerochaete sanguineocarnosa D.Floudas & Hibbett
- Phanerochaete sanwicensis Gilb. & Hemmes
- Phanerochaete sordida J.Erikss. & Ryvarden
- Phanerochaete stereoides Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete suballantoidea Sheng H.Wu – Taiwan
- Phanerochaete subceracea Burds.
- Phanerochaete subcrassispora P.Roberts & Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete subglobosa Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete subiculosa Burds.
- Phanerochaete taiwaniana Sheng H.Wu
- Phanerochaete tamariciphila Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles
- Phanerochaete thailandica Kout & Sádlíková – Thailand
- Phanerochaete tropica Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete tuberculascens Hjortstam
- Phanerochaete tuberculata Parmasto
- Phanerochaete velutina P.Karst.
- Phanerochaete vesiculosa S.Martínez & Nakasone – Uruguay
- Phanerochaete xerophila Burds.