Simple past


The simple past, past simple, or past indefinite, in English equivalent to the preterite, is the basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the past simple in -ed; however, there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms.
The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as the present perfect, past perfect, and past progressive.

Formation

Regular verbs form the past simple end-ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms. The spelling rules for forming the past simple of regular verbs are as follows: verbs ending in -e add only –d to the end, verbs ending in -y change to -ied and verbs ending in a group of a consonant + a vowel + a consonant double the final consonant. For details see.
Most verbs have a single form of the past simple, independent of the person or number of the subject. However, the copula verb be has two past tense forms: was for the first and third persons singular, and were in other instances. The form were can also be used in place of was in conditional clauses and the like; for information on this, see English subjunctive. This is the only case in modern English where a distinction in form is made between inversion, negations with not, and emphatic forms of the past simple use the auxiliary did. For details of this mechanism, see do-support. A full list of forms is given below, using the verb help as an example:
  • Basic past simple:
  • *I/you/he/she/it/we/they helped
  • Expanded past simple:
  • *I/you/he/she/it/we/they did help
  • Question form:
  • *Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they help?
  • Negative:
  • *I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not 'help
  • Negative question:
  • *Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they not help? / Didn't I/you/he/she/it/we/they help'?
Base form
Affirmative
S + verb + c
Negative
S + did not + verb + C

Usage

The past simple is used for a single event in the past, and also for past habitual actions:
It can also refer to a past state:
For actions that were ongoing at the time referred to, the past progressive is generally used instead. The same can apply to states, if temporary, but some stative verbs do not generally use the progressive aspect at all, typically verbs of mental states, of emotional states, of possession, of senses and some others – see – and in these cases the past simple is used even for a temporary state:
However, with verbs of sensing, it is common in such circumstances to use could see in place of saw, could hear in place of heard, etc. For more on this, see can see.
If one action interrupts another, then it is usual for the interrupted action to be expressed with the past progressive, and the action that interrupted it to be in the past simple:
The past simple is often close in meaning to the present perfect. The past simple is used when the event happened at a particular time in the past, or during a period which ended in the past. This time frame may be explicitly stated, or implicit in the context.
These examples can be contrasted with those given at. Also, for past actions that occurred before the relevant past time frame, the past perfect is used.
Various compound constructions exist for denoting past habitual action. The sentence When I was young, I played football every Saturday might alternatively be phrased using used to or using would.
The past simple form also has some uses in which it does not refer to a past time. These are generally in condition clauses and some other dependent clauses referring to hypothetical circumstances, as well as certain expressions of wish:
For more details see the sections on Uses of [English verb forms#Conditional sentences|conditionals], dependent clauses and expressions of wish in the article on uses of English verb forms.
For use of the past simple in indirect speech, see. An example:

Pronunciation of -ed

The regular verbs ending with -ed are pronounced as follows:
  • Regular verb endings with voiced consonants+/d/, e.g. hugged /hʌɡd/.
  • Regular verb endings with unvoiced consonants+/t/, e.g. stopped /stɒpt/.
  • Regular verb endings with /t/ or /d/ + /ɪd/, e.g. needed /niːdɪd/.