English markers of habitual aspect


The habitual aspect is a form of expression connoting repetition or continuous existence of a state of affairs. In standard English, for present reference there is no special grammatical marker of habitual aspect; the simple present is used, as in I go there. However, for past reference English uses the simple past form or either of two marked constructions: used to as in we used to go there , and would as in back then we would go there .
African-American Vernacular English uses be to indicate that performance of the verb is of a habitual nature.

''Would''

The form is employed to talk about a habit or frequent action in a former time. One usually applies for the past habitual when one is telling a story about the past.
  • When I was a kid, we would often have a drink after class on a Monday.
  • When I lived in Romania, we would go to a little bar near our house.
The past habitual employment of would requires an accompanying indication of the time of occurrence : e.g., Last year we would go there frequently, but not simply We would go there frequently.
This application of would to mark the past habitual is distinct from each of several other uses of would: as a tense marker for future in the past ; as a conditional mood marker ; and as a modal verb of politeness.

''Used to''

The idiomatic phrase used to expresses past states or past habitual actions, as in I used to eat ice cream, or a state of accustomedness, as in I am used to eating ice cream or I am used to ice cream in a bowl.
In the first case—the past habitual verbal form—it is followed by the infinitive. The expression used to refers to habits or frequent actions in a former time, especially ones not done in the present. Thus the statement I used to go to college means that the speaker formerly habitually went to college, and normally implies that this is no longer the case. Less often, this verb form is employed to identify states in the past which are no longer true. For example:I used to have short hair.He used to read.They used to live in Iran.
This verb form has a phonological distinction: used is pronounced, in contrast to the ordinary verb use and its past form used .
Used to is typically employed without a specific indication of the time of occurrence—e.g., We used to go there has the same meaning as We used to go there often.
expresses the lexical verb’s habitual aspect in the past tense, and is in the indicative mood and active voice. In informal spoken English questions or negative statements, it is treated like neither a modal nor an auxiliary verb, but as a past tense of an ordinary verb. Used ''to forms questions and negatives using did: Did he use to come here? He didn't use to come here. Note that some prescriptivists argue that one should employ 'use' and not 'used' when employed with did:Did you use to be a worker?Did he use to study in Germany?He didn't use to like cake, but he does now.I didn't use to want to have an expensive villa.
However, it is more standard to ask questions and make negative forms using simple past. Used to implies the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it does not usually occur in the present. Used to can also be used to talk about past realities or generalizations which are no longer true. Both simple past and used to can refer to past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, used to is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive forms. On the other hand, when forming questions or negative sentences, modern prescriptive grammar dictates that the simple past is better.
The verbal use of used to should not be confused with second case—the adjectival form—of the same expression, meaning "familiar with, accustomed to", as in I am used to this, we must get used to the cold.
  • Verbal form:
  • Adjectival form:
When the adjectival form is followed by a verb, the gerund is used: I am used to going to college in the mornings.
I used to drink black coffee means that in the past I drank black coffee, but now I don't. Used to describes an action that did happen, but does not happen now.When I was younger I used to play with toys, but I don't any more.Before I passed my driving test, I used to cycle.I am used to something.I am used to drinking black coffee.
In contrast, I am used to drinking black coffee means that at first drinking black coffee was unusual, but now it has gotten familiar. tells of a state of affairs that was unfamiliar, but that the speaker/writer is now accustomed to. I am accustomed to black coffee has the same meaning.It took me a while, but now I'm used to using this new computer.I'm getting used to the abnormal smell in the factory.I'll never get used to the heat in Iraq.
In Longman Language Activator usual uses of used to are shown in the below list:used to do somethingthere used to benever used to bedidn't use to do somethingused not to do something''