Paracel Islands


The Paracel Islands, also known as the Hoàng Sa Archipelago and the Xisha Islands, is a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea and currently controlled by the People's Republic of China.
The word paracel is of Portuguese origin, meaning placer, and appears on 16th-century Portuguese maps. The archipelago includes about 130 small coral islands and reefs, most grouped into the northeastern Amphitrite Group or the western Crescent Group. They are distributed over a maritime area of around, with a land area of approximately. The archipelago is located about 220 miles southeast of Hainan Island, equidistant from the coastlines of the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, and approximately one-third of the way between central Vietnam and the northern Philippines. A feature of the Paracel Islands is Dragon Hole, the second deepest blue hole in the world. Sea turtles and seabirds are native to the islands, which have a hot and humid climate, abundant rainfall and may experience annual typhoons. The archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and a seabed potentially containing unexplored oil and gas reserves.

Geography

  • Geographic coordinates:
  • Coastline:
  • Climate: tropical
  • Elevation extremes:
  • * Lowest point: South China Sea, sea level
  • * Highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island
  • Natural resources: fish, coral reefs, possible reserves of oil and gas of unknown size
  • Natural hazards: typhoons

    Climate

The climate is different from nearby continental land masses with the lower air mass temperatures being cooler than land at the same latitude, and with higher relative humidity due to the maritime
air mass. The air mass over the Paracel Islands has about a variation in annual temperature compared to the observed over the Spratly Islands.

Amphitrite group

The Amphitrite group was named after the French frigate Amphitrite, which observed the islands while carrying a Jesuit mission to Canton in 1698–1700.
Lying in the northeast of the Paracel Islands at, the group consists of low, narrow islands with sand cays and enclosed shallow lagoons connected by reefs of rock. It is about northwest of Lincoln Island. The group approximately forms an ellipse with a north–south axis of.
The northern section of the group comprises West Sand, Tree Island, and the Qilian Yu sub-group: North Island, Middle Island, South Island, North Sand, Middle Sand, South Sand, and two small sands. The center of the group consists of Woody Island and Rocky Island, approximately south of the southern tip of the eastern extremity of the northern section. The southwest corner of the group is occupied by the Iltis Bank.
The largest island of the Paracels, Woody Island, has over 1,000 residents including fishermen and their families, military personnel, and civilian administrators.

Crescent group

Lying about southwest of the Amphitrite group, at, the Crescent group consists of islands and reefs that form a crescent-like structure from west to east, enclosing a deep central lagoon. The group measures east-west and north–south. All of the islands in the group support vegetation except on their small cays.
The islands are named after former senior figures in the British East India Company. Three were members of the EIC's 'Select Committee' in Canton: James Drummond, Thomas Pattle and John William Roberts. Jonathan Duncan was Governor in Council of Bombay, and William Taylor Money was Superintendent of the Bombay Marine.
Money Island lies at the southwest extremity of the group, and has some small cays on the southern side. While the island's English name was named after William Taylor Money, the Chinese name is Jin Yin Dao, a literal translation of "money island".

Antelope Reef, submerged at high tide and containing a central lagoon, lies east of Money Island.

Northeast of this are Robert Island and Pattle Island, separated from each other by a wide deep channel. A weather station was built on Pattle Island in 1932, and a lighthouse and radio station in 1937.

Northeast of this is Quanfu Dao.

Observation Bank, also named Silver Islet, and the Lesser Silver Islet, are the northernmost of the group and contain a small cay.

Just south of them are Yagong Dao and Xianshe Yu.
At the eastern side of the group lies a long boomerang shaped reef with Stone Islet at its north end and Drummond Island at its south end. Near the centre of the reef is Dragon Hole the second deepest known sinkhole in the world.
The Duncan Islands, consisting of Duncan Island and Palm Island, lie approximately west of Drummond Island and about east of Antelope Reef. Kuangzai Shazhou lies about halfway between Palm Island and Antelope Reef.

Other features

Taking as the center of the Paracel Islands, then the Amphitrite Group is ENE, and the Crescent Group is West.

Southeast

  • Bombay Reef: This elongated reef is situated at the southeastern corner of the Paracel Islands and lies approximately southeast of the Crescent group. With most parts submerged, the reef measures approximately . Bombay Reef encloses a deep lagoon with rocks on its edge.

    Eastern sub-group

  • Bremen Bank: Located north of Bombay Reef, is the southwesternmost feature of this subgroup. This submerged shallow bank measures approximately in length from northeast to southwest. The shallowest area reaches a depth of about and is located in the southwestern part of the bank.
  • Jehangire Bank: East of the Bremen Bank at
  • Neptuna Bank: North of the Bremen Bank at
  • Pyramid Rock: NE of the Neptuna Bank at
  • Lincoln Island: Surrounded by a coral reef, located southeast from the Amphitrite Group at, the island is covered with brushes and fairly high trees, including coconut palm trees. The depth increases sharply on the northern and eastern sides of the island but the southern and south western regions are shallow. An observation post on the western side was found by officers of the German government surveys in 1883. In 1948, Great Britain requested France for permission to use the feature for military exercises.

    Northeast

  • Dido Bank: Separate from, and NE of, the Eastern sub-group at

    (ENE: Amphitrite group)

Northwest

  • North Reef: Situated approximately north from the Crescent group and about west-northwest from the Amphitrite group at, the reef is the most northwesterly feature of the Paracel Islands. Most parts of the reef are submerged. There are rugged rocks are around the edge that are barely above water. There is a passage into the lagoon on the southwestern side of the reef.

    (West: Crescent group)

Inner southwest

  • Discovery Reef: Measuring approximately in length from east to west, and from north to south, the reef is located about south of the Crescent Group at. Completely submerged, the elongated ring structure is the largest single reef in the Paracel Islands. The reef has two large, deep openings into the lagoon on its southern side.
  • Passu Keah: This small reef encloses a shallow lagoon and is located about south of the eastern side of Discovery Reef at, approximately east-northeast from Triton Island. The sand cay measures in length.

    Outer southwest

  • Triton Island: The sand cay supports vegetation and stands on a steep-sided coral reef measuring in length. This southwesternmost island of the Paracels is situated about from Discovery Reef at.

    Central

  • Vuladdore Reef: Located slightly south of the center of the group at, this mostly submerged reef is orientated east–west and measures approximately by. Some small spiral rocks are to be seen on the reef.

    List of entities

English nameChinese nameVietnamese nameCoordinatesArea
Height
Location / notes
Amphitrite groupXuande Qundao Nhóm An VĩnhENE
Woody IslandYongxing Dao Đảo Phú Lâm210?Center of Amphitrite group
Rocky IslandShidao Đảo Đá814Connected to Woody Is.
West SandXisha Zhou Cồn Cát Tây40NW of Amphitrite group
Tree IslandZhaoshudao Đảo Cây220N of Amphitrite group
Qilian Yu Subgroup NE of Amphitrite Group
North IslandBei Dao Đảo Bắc40N1 of Seven Islets
Middle IslandZhong Dao Đảo Trung130N2 of Seven Islets
South IslandNan Dao Đảo Nam170N3 of Seven Islets
North SandBei Shazhou Cồn Cát Bắc20N4 of Seven Islets
Middle SandZhong Shazhou Cồn Cát Trung50N5 of Seven Islets
South SandNan Shazhou Cồn Cát Nam60N6 of Seven Islets
Xixin Shazhou -0.20N7a of Seven Islets
Dongxin Shazhou -0.40N7b of Seven Islets ; South of South Sand
Iltis BankYin Shuo Tan Bãi Bình Sơn-10SW of Woody Island
Crescent groupYongle Qundao Nhóm Lưỡi Liềm
Money IslandJinyin Dao Đảo Quang Ảnh366W end of Crescent group
Antelope ReefLingyang Jiao Đá Hải Sâm0W Crescent Group, S of Robert Is.
Robert Island
Ganquan Dao Đảo Hữu Nhật308W of Crescent group; Has a well
Pattle IslandShanhu Dao Đảo Hoàng Sa319N of Robert Island Has a well
Shanhu Dong'ansha Bãi Đèn Pha0E of Pattle Island
Quanfu Dao Đảo Ốc Hoa20NE of Pattle, SW of Observation Bank
Observation Bank
Yin Yu Bãi Xà Cừ10NE of Crescent group
Yinyu Zi Bãi Tiểu Xà Cừ0.20SE of Silver Islet
Yagong Dao Đảo Ba Ba10SW of Observation Bank
Xianshe Yu 0SW of Observation Bank, W of Stone Islet
Shi Yu 0.20E of Crescent group
Drummond IslandJinqing Dao Đảo Duy Mộng213E of Crescent group
Duncan IslandChenhang Dao Đảo Quang Hòa48?S of Crescent group
Palm IslandGuangjin Dao Đảo Quang Hòa Tây6?S of Crescent group
Kuangzai Shazhou Đảo Sâm Cầm10SE of Antelope Reef
Eastern sub-group
Bremen BankBinmei Tan Bãi Châu Nhai-11Eastern sub-group
Jehangire BankZhanhan Tan Bãi Quảng Nghĩa-12Eastern sub-group
Neptuna BankBeibian Lang Bãi Thuỷ Tề-15Eastern sub-group
Pyramid RockGaojian Shi Hòn Tháp45Eastern sub-group
Lincoln IslandDong Dao Đảo Linh Côn1605Eastern sub-group
"Water can be found on the island"
Other features
Discovery ReefHuaguang Jiao Đá Lồi-4Inner SW
Passu KeahPanshi Yu Đảo Bạch Quy400Inner SW, S of Discovery Reef
Herald BankSongtao Tan Bãi Ốc Tai Voi-236ESE
Bombay ReefLanghua Jiao Đá Bông Bay0SE
Vuladdore ReefYuzhuo Jiao Đá Chim Én0Central
Dido BankXidu Tan Bãi Gò Nổi-23NE
North ReefBei Jiao Đá Bắc0NW
Triton IslandZhongjian Dao Đảo Tri Tôn1203Outer SW