Hazara region

Hazara, large parts of which were known as Pakhli Sarkar, is a region in northern Pakistan, falling administratively within the Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. It forms the northernmost portion of Sindh Sagar Doab, and is mainly populated by the indigenous Hindko-speaking Hindkowans and Kohistani people, with a significant Pashto-speaking population. The inhabitants of Hazara are collectively called the Hazarewal.

Etymology

The origin of the name Hazara has been identified with Abisāra, the country of Abisares, the monarch of the region at the time of Alexander's invasion. The British archaeologist Aurel Stein regards it as derived from the Sanskrit name Urasā, or 'Urasha'. However, the region only came to be known as Hazara after Timur held control of it in 1399, and assigned it to his local chieftains, namely the Hazara-i-Karlugh.

History

Ancient period

, after conquering parts of northern Punjab, established his rule over a large part of Hazara. The region of Amb and its surrounding areas have been associated with Embolina mentioned by Arrian and Ptolemy's Geography near Aornos, the town chosen to serve as Alexander's base of supplies. According to Arrian, the ruler of the region in Alexander's time was called Arsakes.
With the rise of Chandragupta Maurya, the region came under the complete control of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka governed this area as a prince, imperial throne 272 BCE. He made it one of the major seats of his government. The Mansehra Rock Edicts, inscribed on three large boulders near Mansehra record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law. These represent some of the earliest evidence of deciphered writing in the subcontinent, dating to the middle of the third century BCE, and are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.
The region was briefly and nominally controlled by many rulers foreign rulers, including the Indo-Parthians, Indo-Scythians, and Kushans, who promoted Buddhism throughout Central and South Asia. The region reached its height under the Buddhist ruler Kanishka. During the Kushan period, Buddhist art and architecture flourished in the area.
File:Upper_Boulder_with_Inscriptions_-_Mansehra_Rock_Edicts.jpg|thumb|Major Rock Edict of Ashoka in Mansehra.

Medieval period

When the Chinese pilgrim Hiun-Tsang visited the area in the 7th century, it was under the control of Durlabhavardhana, the ruler of the Karkota dynasty. He mentioned the region as Wu-la-shi.
The Turk Shahi and Hindu Shahi dynasties ruled Hazara one after another. Mahmud of Ghazni defeated the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala during his first campaign. However, there is no significant historical evidence attesting the Ghaznavid rule in Hazara. After the fall of the Hindu Shahi dynasty in the 11th century, the rulers of Kashmir took control of the area, the most notable being under the leadership of Kalasa until the area fell to the Ghurids.
In 1399, the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur, on his return to Kabul, stationed his Karluk Turkic soldiers in Hazara to protect the important route between Kabul and Kashmir.
In Mughal era, the region was part of the Pakhli Pargana, which formed a part of the larger Kashmir Sarkar, which in turn was part of the Kabul Subah after 1586. It was elevated to the level of a Sarkar in 1648 when Kashmir became a separate Subah.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Turkic rule came to an end due to the increased aggression of the Swatis. The most crucial attack was that of the Swatis in 1703, in collusion with Syed Jalal Baba, the son-in-law of the last ruler of Pakhli, Sultan Mehmud Khurd. Thus, Swatis ousted the Turks and captured this area during the last part of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century.

Modern period

The area became under the Durrani Empire from the mid-18th to the early 19th centuries. The Durranis considered it wise to rule the region through the local tribal chiefs. The Amb area was ruled by Suba Khan Tanoli during the reign of the Durrani Empire. He was appointed as nazim by Taimur Shah Durrani in 1775 or 1776. Suba Khan Tanoli died in 1783.
Hazara came under Sikh rule in 1820 when the region was conquered by the Sikh Empire led by the Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa. The city of Haripur was founded by him in 1822 and became the headquarters of Hazara until 1853. He was also appointed by Ranjit Singh as the second Nazim of Hazara after the first Nazim Amar Singh Majithia was killed by the local populace at Samundar Katha in Abbottabad.
After the First Anglo-Sikh War, under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore & Later Treaty of Amritsar march 1846 Kashmir and its dependencies—including the hilly region of Hazara—were Sold to Gulab Singh in return for a payment of 75 lakh rupees. The treaty described the transferred territory as “all the hilly or mountainous country, with its dependencies, situated eastward of the River Indus and westward of the River Ravi.” Gulab Singh sent Diwan Hari Chand to collect revenue in Hazara, but faced widespread resistance from local chiefs and communities. By November 1846, British-supported forces had to march into Upper Hazara to suppress unrest. On 6 January 1847, after continued instability, Gulab Singh formally returned Hazara to the British-infulance Lahore durbar in exchange for territory near Jammu. Major James Abbott was appointed to assess and administer Hazara, and by 31 January 1848 he reported the district to be fully pacified and under British control. Abbott managed to secure and pacify the area within a year. During the Second Sikh War Abbott and his men were cut off by the Sikh army from supplies and reinforcements from the rest of the British Army, but were able to maintain their position.By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Hazara. However, the local tribes were occasionally rebellious, including the Swatis and the Tor Ghar tribes. The British sent many expeditions against these tribes to crush several uprisings between 1852 and the 1920s, including the Hazara Expedition of 1888.
From the early 1930s onwards, the people of Hazara gradually became active in the freedom movement for an independent Pakistan under the active leadership of renowned All India Muslim League leaders such as Abdul Majid Khan Tarin and Jalal Baba. Sometime before the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Nawab of Amb Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli also developed good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan as a political move.File:Darband 1948, Governer frontier and PM.jpg|thumb|In this picture seated : Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid, Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.
During British rule, the region of Hazara along with the districts of Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan, had formed part of Punjab province, until the western parts of the province were separated to form the new North-West Frontier Province in 1901. The areas around Abbottabad and Mansehra became the Hazara District of Peshawar Division, whilst areas to the north of this became the Hazara Tribal Agency. Sandwiched between the agency and the district were the small princely states of Amb and Phulra. This system of administration continued until 1950, when these two small states were incorporated into the Hazara district.
From 1955 to 1970, NWFP province became part of West Pakistan under the One Unit policy, with the Hazara district forming part of the Peshawar Division of West Pakistan.

Geography and climate

Hazara is bounded by the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab to the south, Azad Kashmir to the east, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, whilst to the west lies the rest of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The river Indus runs through the division in a north–south line, forming much of the western border of the division. The total area of Hazara is 18,013 km².
Because it lies immediately south of the main Himalayan range, and is exposed to moist winds from the Arabian Sea, Hazara is the wettest part of Pakistan. At Abbottabad, annual rainfall averages around but has been as high as, whilst in parts of Mansehra District such as Balakot the mean annual rainfall is as high as. Due to its location on the boundary between the monsoonal summer rainfall regime of East Asia and the winter-dominant Mediterranean climate of West Asia, Hazara has an unusual bimodal rainfall regime, with one peak in February or March associated with frontal southwest cloud bands and another monsoonal peak in July and August. The driest months are October to December, though in the wettest parts even these months average around.
Due to the high altitude, temperatures in Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at still has maxima around 32 °C with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures are cooler, often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. In winter, temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0 °C and much lower in the high mountains.
Hazara accounts for a high level of Pakistan's tourism industry. Along the Karakoram Highway are major destinations for tourists including the famous Kaghan Valley, Lulusar Lake, Balakot, Naran, Shogran, Ayubia and Babusar Top. The region is known for its scenery and landscapes, resulting in its popularity as a summertime resort amongst locals and tourists.

National parks

There are about 29 National Parks in Pakistan and 3 in Hazara.

Name	Photo	Location	Date established	Area	Key wildlife
Ayubia National Park		Abbottabad District		3,122	Indian leopard, Leopard cat, Yellow-throated marten, Asian palm civet, Masked palm civet, Rhesus macaque, Red giant flying squirrel, Koklass pheasant and Kalij pheasant
Saiful Muluk National Park		Mansehra District		12,026	Himalayan black bear, Yellow-throated marten, Masked palm civet, Himalayan goral, Himalayan musk deer, Siberian ibex, Himalayan monal and Cheer pheasant
Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park		Mansehra District		75,058	Persian leopard, Yellow-throated marten, Himalayan black bear, Siberian ibex, Himalayan goral, Himalayan monal and Western tragopan