P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)


is a Jupiter-family comet and centaur discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System on 10 June 2019. It was initially reported as the first known Jupiter trojan asteroid to display cometary activity, but its classification as a Jupiter trojan was retracted after closer examination and a longer observation arc revealed its orbit to be unstable like a typical Jupiter family comet and implied that its position near the trojans is temporary.

Discovery

was discovered in images by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System at the Mauna Loa Observatory taken on 10 June 2019. Upon discovery, astronomers Alan Fitzsimmons and David Young at Queen's University Belfast suspected a faint coma around. Follow-up observations by the Las Cumbres Observatory in 11 and 13 June 2019 confirmed the cometary appearance of, which now had a more apparent coma and tail. Later observations by the ATLAS-MLO in April 2020 showed that still retained its cometary appearance, suggesting it had been continuously active for almost a year.
The discovery of 's cometary activity was announced in a press release by the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy on 20 May 2020, proposing it as the first known active Jupiter trojan, as it was discovered near Jupiter's Lagrangian point where the Greek camp trojans reside. However, upon closer examination of 's orbital dynamics by amateur astronomer Sam Deen, was found to be a Jupiter-family comet with a chaotic orbit instead of a Jupiter trojan. Subsequently, the comet was reclassified and given the periodic comet designation by the Minor Planet Center on 22 May 2020.

Orbit and classification

orbits the Sun at a mean distance of 5.29 AU once every 12.18 years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.135 and an inclination of 11.6 degrees with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery, published by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey and taken at Haleakala Observatory on 21 May 2018, or 11 months prior to its official discovery observation by the ATLAS-MLO survey.
is a Jupiter-family comet with a Tisserand parameter of 2.94, typical for other Jupiter-family comets. The comet's nominal orbit suggests that it is not in a stable 1:1 resonance with Jupiter as it made a close approach to the planet on 17 February 2017, at a distance of, and will make a similarly close approach in 2028. Unlike the Jupiter trojans, is 21 degrees ahead of Jupiter, and will continue drifting 30 degrees ahead before returning to Jupiter and making close approaches. is now following what looks like a short arc of a quasi-satellite cycle with respect to Jupiter that started in 2017 and will end in 2028. On 2063 January 23, it will have a very close encounter with Jupiter at. Orbital predictions after this flyby are rather uncertain.

Physical characteristics

Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, measures approximately 14 kilometers in diameter, for an assumed albedo of 0.12 as the median for small Jupiter trojans, and an absolute magnitude of 12.2. However if the comet displays activity, that can lead to the nucleus size being overestimated. Archival images by DECam from March 2017 indicate that the comet was dimmer than magnitude 23.8 at that time, indicating that the nucleus's radius is less than 1.2 km assuming a 0.05 albedo or less than 0.8 km assuming an 11.2% albedo. Broadband observations taken from the Sanglokh Observatory in Tajikistan suggest a revised upper limit to its radius at approximately.
, no rotational light curve of has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. The visible spectrum does not exhibit any evidence of CN, C2, or C3 emission.
During the approach to perihelion in 2020, the comet shed large-grained dust grains rich with water ice.