Osborne 1


The Osborne 1 is the first commercially successful portable computer, released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation. It weighs, cost US$1,795, and runs the CP/M 2.2 operating system. It is powered from a wall socket, as it has no on-board battery, but it is still classed as a portable device since it can be hand-carried when the keyboard is closed.
The computer shipped with a large bundle of software that was almost equivalent in value to the machine itself, a practice adopted by other CP/M computer vendors. Competitors quickly appeared, such as the Kaypro II.

History

The Osborne 1 was developed by Adam Osborne and designed by Lee Felsenstein, first announced in early 1981. Osborne, an author of computer books, decided that he wanted to break the price of computers. The computer's design was based largely on the Xerox NoteTaker, a prototype developed at Xerox PARC in 1976 by Alan Kay. It was designed to be portable, with a rugged ABS plastic case and a handle. The Osborne 1 is about the size and weight of a sewing machine and was advertised as the only computer that would fit underneath an airline seat. It is a luggable when compared to those later laptop designs such as the Epson HX-20.
The Osborne 1 was described as "a cross between a World War II field radio and a shrunken instrument panel of a DC-3", and Felsenstein admitted that carrying two of them to a trade show "nearly pulled my arms out of their sockets". Although the computer's exterior did not impress West Coast Computer Faire attendees, it nonetheless amazed observers; InfoWorld reported that "By far the most frequently asked question... was, 'What do you think of the new Osborne computer?'" BYTE Magazine wrote: " it will cost $1795, and it's portable!" The word processing, spreadsheet, and other bundled software alone was worth $1,500; as InfoWorld stated in an April 1981 front-page article on the new computer after listing the included software, "In case you think the price printed above was a mistake, we'll repeat it: $1795".
West Coast Computer Faire attendees stated, InfoWorld said, that the Osborne 1 "represented an advancement of the price/performance ratio for microcomputers". Adam Osborne agreed but emphasized the price, stating that its performance was "merely adequate": "It is not the fastest microcomputer, it doesn't have huge amounts of disk storage space, and it is not especially expandable." Beyond the price, advertisements emphasized the computer's portability and bundled software. The company sold 11,000 units in the first eight months of sales, and sales at their peak reached 10,000 units per month.
The Osborne 1's principal deficiencies are a tiny display screen, use of single-sided, single-density floppy disk drives that store 90 kB per disk, and considerable unit weight. Adam Osborne decided to use single-sided disk drives out of concern about double-sided drives suffering head damage from rough handling. A single-density disk controller was used to keep costs down.
In September 1981, Osborne Computer Company had its first $1 million sales month. Sales were hurt by the company's premature announcement of superior successor machines such as the Osborne Executive, which replaced the Osborne 1's 52 column screen with an 80 column screen. This phenomenon was later called the Osborne effect. From 1982 to 1985, the company published The Portable Companion, a magazine for Osborne users.

Early production

The company initially had ten prototypes produced, as described in an email by Felstenstein:

Competition

The computer was widely imitated as several other computer companies began offering low-priced portable computers with bundled software. The Osborne's popularity was surpassed by the similar Kaypro II; which has a larger, CRT that can display 80 characters on 24 lines, and double density floppies that can store twice as much data. Osborne Computer Corporation was unable to effectively respond to Kaypro until after 8-bit, CP/M-based computers were obsolete.
In 1981, IBM released the IBM PC, which is significantly more powerful and expandable. Following the release of the IBM-compatible Compaq Portable in 1983, the market for CP/M computers shrank and Osborne was unable to compete.

Architecture

The 64 KB main memory is made of four rows of eight type 4116 dynamic RAM chips, each with 16,384 bits. Memory is shared, with 60 KB available for software and 4 KB reserved for video memory. No parity is provided and no provision for memory expansion exists on the motherboard. The boot program loader and significant parts of the BIOS are stored in a 4 kilobyte EPROM, which is bank-switched. A second EPROM is used as a fixed character generator, providing 96 upper and lower case ASCII characters and 32 graphic symbols; the character generator is not accessible to the CPU. The eighth bit of an ASCII character is used to select underlined characters. Serial communications are through a memory-mapped Motorola MC6850 Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter ; a jumper on the motherboard allows the MC6850 to be set for either 300 and 1200 baud or 600 and 2400 baud communications, but other bit rates are not available.
The floppy disk drives are interfaced through a Fujitsu 8877 disk controller integrated circuit, a second-source of the Western Digital 1793. The parallel port is connected through a memory-mapped Motorola MC6821 Peripheral Interface Adapter which allows the port to be fully bidirectional; the Osborne manuals state that the port implemented the IEEE-488 interface bus but this is rarely used. The parallel port uses a card-edge connector etched on the main board, exposed through a hole in the case; any IEEE-488 or printer cable has to be modified for the Osborne.
The diskette drives installed in the Osborne 1 are Siemens FDD 100-5s, which were actually manufactured in California by GSI, a drive manufacturer that the German firm had purchased. They utilize a custom controller board that Osborne produced, which among other things has a single connector for the power and data lines. The FDD 100-5 was trouble-prone as Osborne's quality control was lacking, and many of the controller boards have soldering defects. In addition, the drive cable is not keyed and can be easily installed upside-down, which shorts out components in the computer. There are also problems with the drive head going past track 0 and getting stuck in place. The combo power/data cable also has a tendency of overheating.
The video system uses part of the main memory and TTL logic to provide video and sync to an internal monochrome monitor. The same signals are provided on a card-edge connector for an external monitor; both internal and external monitor display the same video format. The internal monitor is specified as 3.55" horizontal, and 2.63" vertical making the actual viewing size even smaller at 4.42". Osborne also provided a 12" GM-12 external monitor.
The processor, memory, floppy controller, PIA, ACIA and EPROMs are interconnected with standard TTL devices.
The Osborne 1 has bank switched memory. Unusual for a system based on the Z80, all I/O is memory mapped, and the Z80 I/O instructions are only used to select memory banks. Bank 1 is "normal" mode, where user programs run; this includes a 4 KB area at the top of the address space which is video memory. Bank 2 is called "shadow". The first 4 KB of this address space is the ROM, and 4 KB is reserved for the on-board I/O ports: the disk controller, the keyboard, the parallel port PIA, the serial port ACIA, and a second PIA chip used for the video system. All memory above the first 16 KB is the same memory as Bank 1. This is the mode of the system on power up, because this is where the boot ROM was mapped. Bank 3 has only 4 KB by 1 bit of memory, used solely to hold the "dim" attribute of the video system.

Operating system

The computer runs on the CP/M 2.2 operating system. A complete listing of the ROM BIOS is in the Osborne technical manual.

Software

The Osborne 1 came with a bundle of application software with a retail value of more than US$1500, including the WordStar word processor, SuperCalc spreadsheet, and the CBASIC and MBASIC programming languages. The exact contents of the bundled software varied depending on the time of purchase; for example, dBASE II was included with later systems but not with the first systems sold.
Program NameVersionPublished byProgram TypeDatePart NumberNumber
of
Disks
CP/M2.2Digital ResearchDisk Operating System19813D01140-011
AMCALL2.06MicroCall ServicesCommunications program2B50002-001
CBASIC2Digital ResearchLanguage compiler1979
MBASICMicrosoftLanguage interpreter301002-02D1
AdventureGame
dBASE II2.41Ashton-TateDatabase
dBASE II TutorAshton-TateTraining for database6
Grammatik1.82Aspen Software Co.Grammar checker19812G04401-001
ProofreaderAspen Software Co.Dictionary
Nominal Ledger2.7PeachTree SoftwareBusiness Software19832X09200-042
Purchase Ledger2.7PeachTree SoftwareBusiness Software19832X09200-042
Sales Ledger2.7PeachTree SoftwareBusiness Software19832X09200-042
SuperCalc1.12SorcimSpreadsheet1981301002-03 or 3D01160-011
WordStar2.26MicroProWord processor19813D01150-011
ChekWizWizard of OsZCheque handling software1
Plink & RCPMPlink1.4Wizard of OsZTransfer utility for Bulletin board system1
OSBOARD 1Wizard of OsZGraphics Generator including Forms and logo creation1
WizdexWizard of OsZUtility for Wordstar - Generates sortable index for a text file1
Games Disk 4Wizard of OsZ2D Maze, 3D Maze, Bounce and Lander1
Games Disk 5Wizard of OsZBlackjack & Spacewar1
Games Disk 6Wizard of OsZEducational games inc Ghosts in the Chimney1
Games Disk 1Wizard of OsZOthello, Castle Wahoo1
Games Disk 2Wizard of OsZChess, Oracle, Startrek1
Games Disk 3Wizard of OsZBomber, Lunar, Maze, Backgammon1

There are 18 known commercial games for Osborne 1
NameYearPublisher
Cutthroats198?Infocom
Deadline198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Enchanter198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Infidel198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Invaders1982Software Toolworks, The
Management Simulator1981DynaComp, Inc.
Munchkin1982Software Toolworks, The
Planetfall198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Sorcerer198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Space Pirates1983Software Toolworks, The
Starcross198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Suspended198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
The HitchHiker's Guide to the Galaxy198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
The Original Adventure1982Software Toolworks, The
The Witness198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Zork I - The Great Underground Empire198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Zork II - The Wizard of Frobozz198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051
Zork III - The Dungeon Master198?Infocom, Inc. MA, USA 51051