North America and West Indies Station


The North America and West Indies Station was a formation of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy stationed in North American waters from the 1740s to 1956, with its main bases in Bermuda and Halifax, Nova Scotia. The North American Station absorbed the separate Newfoundland Station in 1825, and the Jamaica Station in 1830, to form the North America and West Indies Station. It was briefly abolished in 1907 before being restored in 1915. It was renamed the America and West Indies Station in 1926, absorbing what had been the South East Coast of America Station and the Pacific Station.

History

In January 1748 Charles Watson was appointed to command HMS Lion. In March that year he was sent out aboard Lion as commander-in-chief on the Newfoundland and North American station, with a commodore's broad pennant.
Royal Navy ships and vessels in the area were under the command of Commodore Samuel Hood in 1767. The headquarters was located in Halifax from 1758 to 1794, and thereafter in Halifax and Bermuda. Land and buildings for a permanent Naval Yard were purchased by the Royal Navy in 1758 and the Yard was officially commissioned in 1759. Halifax served as the main base for the Royal Navy in North America during the Seven Years' War, the American Revolution, and the French Revolutionary Wars.
Following American independence in 1783, Bermuda was the only British territory left between Nova Scotia and the West Indies. In 1794 the local area commander, Vice Admiral Sir George Murray, sent HMS Cleopatra there to reconnoite the harbour. The establishment of a base there was delayed for a dozen years, however, due to the need to survey the encircling barrier reef to locate channels suitable for large warships. Once this had been completed, a base was established at St. George's in 1794, with the fleet anchoring at Murray's Anchorage in the northern lagoon. The Admiralty also began purchasing land at Bermuda's West End, including Ireland Island, Spanish Point, and smaller islands in the Great Sound with the intent of building the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, and a permanent naval base there, with its anchorage on Grassy Bay. The construction of this base was to drag on through much of the Nineteenth Century.
Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren was appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1812, and he and his staff seem to have spent most of their time at Bermuda during the War of 1812, from where the blockade of much of the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States and raids such as the Battle of Craney Island were orchestrated. 2,500 soldiers under Major-General Robert Ross aboard, three frigates, three sloops and ten other vessels, was sent to Bermuda in 1814, following British victory in the Peninsular War. They helped carry out the Chesapeake campaign punitive expedition which included the Raid on Alexandria, the Battle of Bladensburg, and the Burning of Washington, which was launched in August that year.
In 1813, the area of command had become the North America Station again, with the West Indies falling under the Jamaica Station, and in 1816 it was renamed the North America and Lakes of Canada Station. The headquarters was initially in Bermuda during the winter and Halifax during the summer, but Admiralty House, Bermuda, became the year-round headquarters of the station in 1821, when it became the North America and Newfoundland Station. In 1818 Halifax became the summer base for the squadron which shifted to the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, for the remainder of the year. In 1819, Bermuda, which was better positioned to counter threats from the United States, became the main base of the station year-round. Halifax continued to be used as the summer base for the station until 1907. Bermuda's importance following the war was described by Royal Naval Purser Richard Cotter in 1828:
Sir Henry Hardinge reported, in the House of Commons, on the 22 March 1839:
In 1830 the station absorbed the Jamaica Station and was redesignated as the North America and West Indies Station, and remained so until 1907, when the North America and West Indies Station was abolished and its squadron replaced by the 4th Cruiser Squadron. This was based in England and Bermuda was redesignated from a base to a coaling station, although the dockyard remained in operation. The Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station, remained in Bermuda. The Royal Navy withdrew from Halifax in 1905, and the Halifax Naval Yard was handed over to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1910. The Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard on the Pacific coast of Canada was also transferred to the dominion government in 1905.
An official letter sent by the Commander-in-Chief during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 listed the following ships at the station on 1 January 1903: cruisers HMS Ariadne, HMS Charybdis, HMS Pallas, HMS Indefatigable, HMS Retribution, and HMS Tribune; sloops HMS Fantome and HMS Alert; destroyers HMS Quail and HMS Rocket; and the tender HMS Columbine.
The North America and West Indies Station was restored in 1915, and incorporated the 8th Cruiser Squadron from 1924 to 1925. In 1919, relying on the Panama Canal, it absorbed the former Pacific Station's area. In 1920 HMS Chatham based in Bermuda, passed through the Panama Canal, and in November left Salina Crus en route from San Diego. This was the first occasion on which a ship from the station had passed through the Canal.
In 1928, South American waters were added to the Commander-in-Chief's area and the command was renamed America and West Indies. In May 1928, was recommissioned and transferred to the Station from the Mediterranean to augment the vessels of the 8th Light Cruiser Station. South American waters had previously been patrolled by the "South American Squadron", but this had been withdrawn due to financial constraints in 1921, since when the British flag has been shown there only by special visits, or by detaching a ship from the North America and West Indies Station. With the start of the Second World War in 1939, the South American Division were transferred from the America and West Indies Station to the Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic. In 1942 the C-in-C America and West Indies was retitled as Senior British Naval Officer, Western Atlantic.
In 1945 the America and West Indies title was restored. In June 1948,, the flagship, visited Bermuda.
In 1951, the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, was reduced to a base without drydock facilities, with the Admiralty Floating Dock No. 5 towed to Britain by HM Tugs Warden and Reward. The position of Senior Naval Officer West Indies was established as a Sub-Area Commander under the Commander-in-Chief of the America and West Indies station. The occupant of this position was a commodore, and was provided with a shore office on Ireland Island, but was required to spend much of his time at sea in the West Indies. A flagship and other vessels of the America and West Indies Squadron continued to be based at the South Yard of the former Royal Naval Dockyard, where the Royal Navy maintained a Berthing Area under the command of a Resident Naval Officer, but were detached from the Home Fleet, and their refits and repairs were thenceforth to be carried out in Britain. The RNO had his own office in one of the houses of Dockyard Terrace. Admiralty land not required for the continued naval operations was sold to the colonial government. There was also an RNO in Nassau.
In 1952, the Commander-in-Chief, Vice Admiral Sir William Andrewes, became the initial Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic.
Vice-Admiral John Eaton, the last Commander-in-Chief, flew his flag from HMS Kenya; on hauling down his flag as C-in-C A&WI, he moved to Norfolk and spent an additional year there solely as Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic.

Disestablishment and successor, SNOWI

On 29 October 1956, the post of Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station, was abolished, leaving the Senior Naval Officer, West Indies as his replacement. SNOWI reported directly to the Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet in the United Kingdom. SNOWI also served as Island Commander Bermuda in the NATO chain of command, reporting to Commander-in-Chief, Western Atlantic Area, as part of Allied Command Atlantic. The ships of the command were reduced to two Station Frigates.
All remaining Admiralty land in Bermuda, including Admiralty House at Clarence Hill and Ireland Island, along with the War Department lands, were sold to the colonial government in the 1960s.
Newly promoted Commodore Edward Ashmore was the first to hold the combined command of Senior Naval Officer West Indies and Commander British Forces Caribbean Area, plus the existing NATO Island Commander, Bermuda. As Commander British Forces Caribbean Area the incumbent Commodore was directly responsible to the Chief of Defence Staff. Starting in July 1963, Ashmore had under his command three frigates, at various times, HMS Caprice,, and later, plus a resident battalion of the Army in British Guiana and a reinforced company group in British Honduras.
By the time Ashmore arrived, the dockyard in Bermuda was "in a state of chaos," a "shocking mess," and required much attention and rebuilding. The part of the dockyard still required for naval operations remained under Admiralty control under a ninety-nine year lease as the South Yard Berthing Area, which was commissioned on 1 June 1965 as, under the command of the RNO. The headquarters of SNOWI and the RNO was set up in Moresby House. In December, 1967, the position of RNO Bermuda was abolished, with its duties passing to SNOWI's secretary and SNOWI taking over command of HMS Malabar. As SNOWI was frequently in the West Indies, he was unable to effectively command HMS Malabar and a Lieutenant-Commander was consequently appointed to the roles of Commanding Officer of HMS Malabar and RNO in 1971.
The former Royal Naval wireless station land at Daniels Head was leased to the Royal Canadian Navy on 1 January 1963, for the purpose of a new radio station. It became CFS Daniel's Head when the Royal Canadian Navy became part of the Canadian Forces in 1969.
After the assassination of the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Richard Sharples, in February 1973, provided enhanced security for Commodore Cameron Rusby, the then-SNOWI. A detachment of Royal Marines was posted to the Dockyard to guard SNOWI.
While Bermuda had been the ideal base of operations for the North America and West Indies Station, at a thousand miles north of the Virgin Islands, it was far too distant to serve as an effective headquarters for only the West Indies. This meant that both SNOWI and the Station Frigates spent little time in or near Bermuda. On 1 April 1976, the post of SNOWI was abolished, and the Station Frigates were withdrawn. The RNO and his staff remained, and a frigate was appointed West Indies Guardship, but seldom visited Bermuda. HMS Malabar ceased to be a base and was rated only as a supply station.
By 1995, when Malabar was handed over to the Government of Bermuda, the Royal Naval presence in the North-Western Atlantic and Caribbean had been reduced to only the West Indies Guard Ship, a role which was rotated among the fleet's escorts, which took turns operating extended patrols of the West Indies.

Sub commands

Commanders in Chief

Commanders of the station have included:

= died in post

Commander-in-Chief, North American Station

Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station

Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station

Senior British Naval Officer, Western Atlantic

Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station

After the end of the Second World War the former name of the station was restored.|