Neural cell adhesion molecule
Neural cell adhesion molecule, also called CD56, is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. Although CD56 is often considered a marker of neural lineage commitment due to its discovery site, CD56 expression is also found in, among others, the hematopoietic system. Here, the expression of CD56 is mostly associated with, but not limited to, natural killer cells. CD56 has been detected on other lymphoid cells, including gamma delta (γδ) Τ cells and activated CD8+ T cells, as well as on dendritic cells. NCAM has been implicated as having a role in cell–cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory.
Forms, domains and homophilic binding
NCAM is a glycoprotein of Immunoglobulin superfamily.At least 27 alternatively spliced NCAM mRNAs are produced, giving a wide diversity of NCAM isoforms. The three main isoforms of NCAM vary only in their cytoplasmic domain:
- NCAM-120kDa
- NCAM-140kDa
- NCAM-180kDa
Homophilic binding occurs between NCAM molecules on opposing surfaces and NCAM molecules on the same surface 1. There is much controversy as to how exactly NCAM homophilic binding is arranged both in trans- and cis-. Current models suggest trans- homophilic binding occurs between two NCAM molecules binding antiparallel between all five Ig domains or just IgI and IgII. cis- homophilic binding is thought to occur by interactions between both IgI and IgII, and IgI and IgIII, forming a higher order NCAM multimer. Both cis- and trans- NCAM homophilic binding have been shown to be important in NCAM “activation” leading to neurite outgrowth.
Minor exons
Another layer of complexity is created by the insertion of other "minor" exons in the NCAM transcript. The two most notable are:- the VASE exon which is thought to correlate with an inhibition of the neurite outgrowth promoting properties of NCAM.
- the MSD, which is thought to play a positive role in myoblast fusion. In skeletal muscle it is found in all three NCAM isoforms, increasing their MW, giving NCAM-125, NCAM-145, and NCAM-185 isoforms, but is most commonly found in the NCAM-125 isoform.
Posttranslational modification
NCAM exhibits glycoforms as it can be posttranslationally modified by the addition of polysialic acid to the fifth Ig domain, which is thought to abrogate its homophilic binding properties and can lead to reduced cell adhesion important in cell migration and invasion. PSA has been shown to be critical in learning and memory. Removal of PSA from NCAM by the enzyme endoneuraminidase has been shown to abolish long-term potentiation and long-term depression.Expression in normal cells
The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM1 appears on early embryonic cells and is important in the formation of cell collectives and their boundaries at sites of morphogenesis.Later in development, NCAM1 expression is found on various differentiated tissues and is a major CAM mediating adhesion among neurons and between neurons and muscle.
Function
NCAM is thought to signal to induce neurite outgrowth via the fibroblast growth factor receptor and act upon the p59Fyn signaling pathway.In nerves, NCAM1 regulates homophilic interactions between neurons and between neurons and muscle; it associates with fibroblast growth factor receptor and stimulates tyrosine kinase activity of receptor to induce neurite outgrowth. When neural crest cells stop making N-CAM and N-cadherin, and start displaying integrin receptors, cells separate and migrate.
During hematopoiesis, CD56 is the prototypic marker of NK cells, also present on subset of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
In cell adhesion, CD56 contributes to cell-cell adhesion or cell-matrix adhesion during embryonic development.
Pathology
In anatomic pathology, pathologists make use of CD56 immunohistochemistry to recognize certain tumors.- Normal cells that stain positively for CD56 include NK cells, activated T cells, the brain and cerebellum, and neuroendocrine tissues.
- Tumors that are CD56-positive are myeloma, myeloid leukemia, neuroendocrine tumors, Wilms' tumor, neuroblastoma, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, small cell lung carcinoma, and the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors.