Natural regions of Germany


This division of Germany into major natural regions takes account primarily of geomorphological, geological, hydrological, and pedological criteria in order to divide the country into large, physical units with a common geographical basis. Political boundaries play no part in this, apart from defining the national border.
In addition to a division of Germany by natural regions, the federal authorities have also produced a division by so-called landscape areas that is based more on human utilisation of various regions and so has clearly different boundaries.

Groundwork by the Federal Institute of Regional Studies (BfL)

The natural region classification of Germany, as used today by the Federal Office for Nature Conservation and by most state institutions, is largely based on the work in producing the Handbook of Natural Region Divisions of Germany between the years 1953 to 1962. This divided the present federal territory into 86 so-called major landscape unit groups each with a two-digit number between 01 and 90. These, in turn, were subdivided into up to ten, in some cases more, major landscape units, each with a three-digit number. The handbook was accompanied by 1:100,000 scale mapping and, in the updated 1960 map, the major landscape unit groups were bundled together into major regions.
As a result, a regional classification of Germany emerged with five primary landscape regions, divided into 18 secondary landscape regions. The major unit groups form, in effect, the third or tertiary level, of landscape regions and the major units form the fourth level. Many secondary landscape regions only have one major unit group, others group well-known major regions together ; others are entirely new groupings.
In the subsequent work at 1:200,000 scale that lasted until the 1990s, that further split the landscape regions into a fifth and lower levels, it became apparent that the boundaries of major regions at the second and third levels had to be corrected in several places and, in individual cases, were no longer compatible with boundaries of the major unit groups. This has no impact on the numbering system of the lower levels, however.

New Classification by the Federal Office for Nature Conservation (BfN)

From 1992 to 1994, Axel Ssymank revised the major unit groups 01-90 under the direction of the BfN. Most groups retained their boundaries, however, in some cases two to four major units groups according to the handbook were combined, whilst in the [|North and Baltic Seas], one old group was divided into four new ones.
The numbering of the new units, D01 to D73, is entirely new and runs from north to south not, as in the handbook, from south to north. So it is not compatible with the numbers of the main and subordinate landscape units, which is why it has not been adopted by the state institutions. Even the BfN has largely followed the older system in the handbook in its landscape fact files.
Ssymank combined the natural regions into eight so-called great landscapes, which are rather less finely divided than the secondary main regions of the BfL. The only discrepancy between the two systems is the division of the North German Plain into western and eastern parts, which is based on their climatic division into Atlantic and Continental areas. The boundary runs randomly east of landscape units D22, D24, D28, D31, and D33. These great landscape definitions have yet to be used in the literature.

List of major landscape regions - levels 1 to 3

Germany can be divided into three major geographical regions: the Northern Lowland or North German Plain, the Central Uplands, and the Alps running roughly west to east across the country.
The official major landscape groups, which more or less correspond to the tertiary level of major landscape regions, are grouped following the primary and secondary landscape region system. These subdivisions largely correspond to the publications of the Institute for Regional Studies since 1960 which are:
  • The first version by Heinrich Müller-Miny appeared in the updated handbook map, the overview maps of the individual map sheets from 1960 and in the ninth edition of the handbook
  • In the map sheets from publication year 1964 this version was slightly changed:
  • *The Upper Palatine-Upper Main Hills was raised from the third to the second level.
  • *The secondary landscape region of Lössbörden was expanded, especially in the west.
  • There was another change in the map sheets from 1979 until their last publication :
  • *The primary landscape region, Central Uplands, was divided in two into Mittelgebirgsschwelle and Schichtstufenland
  • The classification of the Natural regions in Saxony, published after that of the Institute for Regional Studies and continually revised, allocates the larger northern part of the major unit group of Upper Lusatia to the Lössbörden, so that only the Lusatian Mountains in the south remains within the Central Uplands.
For clarity the first and second levels of the major landscape regions are organised from north to south and from west to east. Within a secondary or tertiary landscape region the list follows the numerical order in the handbook; the BfN's numbers are given in brackets. Tertiary major landscape regions are shown in bold italics. Maps, all to the same scale, are shown to the right of the lists.
For clarity, the English names for the natural regions are given; German names may be found at the relevant article. The English names are primarily based on Dickinson and Elkins where their classification corresponds closely to the handbook's. In such cases the source of the English name is referenced.
The seven major regions are: the [|Northeast German Plain], the [|Northwest German Plain], the [|Western Central Uplands], the [|Eastern Central Uplands], the South German Scarplands, the Alpine Foreland, and the North and Baltic Seas.

North and Baltic Seas

This is a list, exceptionally, of the three-figure major landscape units of group 90, because this de facto corresponds to the tertiary major landscape regions.

North Sea

Baltic Sea

[North German Plain]

[Marshland]

Source:

Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian Littoral

  • 71 'Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian Littoral'''''

Mecklenburg Coastal Lowland

Sources:

Central North German Plain

Source:Ems-Weser Geest

Loess Belt

Sources:'

[Central Uplands]

Source:

[Rhenish Massif]

Arranged from west to east and internally from north to south)

Weser Uplands and Hesse Lowlands and Highlands

Source:Lower Saxon Hills '

Harz

Thuringian Basin

Eastern Central Uplands

Source:Thuringian-Franconian Highlands

Scarplands on either side of the Upper Rhine Valley

Source:

Palatine-Saarland Scarplands">North French Scarplands">Palatine-Saarland Scarplands

Division from north to south and from west to eastLorraine Trias-Lias Region

Upper Rhine Plain

Divided from north to south.Upper Rhine Plain
  • * 23 Rhine-Main Basin
  • * 22 Northern Upper Rhine Plain
  • * 21 Middle Upper Rhine Plain
  • * 20 Southern Upper Rhine Plain

[South German Scarplands]

Source:

Upper Palatine-Upper Main Hills

[Alpine Foreland]

Source:
arranged from north to south and from west to east)

Northern Alpine Foreland

Southern Alpine Foreland

Pre-Alpine Hills and Moorland
  • * 03 Subalpine New Moraine Land
  • * 02* Nagelfluh Hills and Basins between Lake Constance and Wertach

[Alps]

The following 3 groups were still counted as part of group 02 in the Handbook; the German sections form D67.

Nagelfluh Mountains of the Appenzell Alps

'
  • *Molasse Ridges of St. Gallen–Appenzell
  • '
  • *Gäbris Ridges

Lower [Bregenz Forest]

'

Swabian-Bavarian Pre-alps

  • '
  • *'
  • *'
  • **902.4 Basins of Kiefer Fields and Inn Valley
  • *908 Inzell Basin
  • '
  • *'
  • *935 Bavarian-Tyrolean Intermediate Limestone Alps
  • *936 Border mountains of the Northern Limestone-Eastern Alps or Limestone Alp Border Mountains or Limestone Border Mountains
  • '
  • *'
  • **941.1 Mountains around the Wertacher Hörnle
  • **941.2 Bayerstädter Kopf-Alpspitz-Edelsberg Group
  • *942 Trauchgau-Murnau Flysch Alps
  • *943 Tölz-Tegernsee-Chiemgau Flysch Alps
  • *944 Western Salzburg Flysch Alps
  • '
  • *
  • **950.0 Grünten

Austrian Pre-Alps

Only the western end of the group, which lies entirely in Austria, was studied.
  • '
  • *937 '
  • *945 Eastern Salzburg Flysch Alps

[Northern Limestone Alps] (west)

The following group was counted as group 01 in the Handbook; the German parts near Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen belong to D68.
  • '
  • *Rhine Valley
  • *Illtal
  • *900 Basins and valleys in the western part of the Vorarlberg-Allgäu Alps
  • *901 Oberstdorf Basin and side valleys
  • *902 Inn Valley
  • '
  • *930 Basins and valleys between the main groups of the Northern Limestone Eastern Alps
  • *931 Allgäu Alps
  • *932 Lechtal Alps
  • *933 Inn Valley Riffkalkketten
  • '
  • *940 Vorarlberg and West Allgäu Flysch Alps
  • *'
  • **941.0 Flysch Mountains around the Imberger Horn
  • *Alpstein Group
  • *Rätikon
  • *950 Vorarlberg-Allgäu Quintner and Schrattenkalkgewölbe

[Northern Limestone Alps] (east)

The following group was counted as part of group 01 in the Handbook; the German parts near Berchtesgaden belong accordingly to D68.
Most of the group lies in Austria.
  • '
  • *909 Salzach-Saalach Alpine Perimeter Bay
  • 93 Northern Limestone Eastern Alps
  • *930 Basins and valleys between the main groups of the Northern Limestone Eastern Alps
'
  • *933.7 Kaisergebirge
  • *934 Salzburg Plateau Limestone Alps
  • *
  • **935.7 Kirchdorf Dolomite Alps

Central Alps

The Central Alps lies completely outside of Germany and are only mapped at the fringes.
  • 91 Eastern Central Alps
  • 92 Slate Alps of the Northern Greywacke Zone