Mutnedjmet


Mutnedjmet, also spelled Mutnodjmet, Mutnedjemet, etc., was an ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Horemheb, the last ruler of the 18th Dynasty. The name, Mutnedjmet, translates as: "The sweet Mut" or "Mut is sweet." She was the second wife of Horemheb after Amenia who died before Horemheb became pharaoh.

Titles

Mutnedjmet's titles include: Hereditary Princess, Great King’s Wife, Great of Praises, Lady of Charm, Sweet of Love, Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt, Songstress of Hathor, and Songstress of Amun.

Mutnedjmet as Nefertiti's sister

Some Egyptologists have speculated that Mutnedjmet is identical to Nefertiti's sister Mutbenret/Mutnodjmet, the reading of whose name is disputed. As noted by Ian Mladjov, there is ambiguity in use of the "nedjem" and "bener" signs in the name of Queen Tanodjmy, which is certainly to be read this way, with a phonetic complement confirming this reading, "nedjem," for what is otherwise the "bener" sign. Consequently, the supposed difference between the names ostensibly written Mutnedjmet and Mutbenret is insufficient to establish different individuals in itself: whether or not Nefertiti's sister and Horemheb's queen are one and the same individual, the name is likely to be the same.
Whether or not the names are the same, the identity of the two persons cannot be proved one way or the other. As Geoffrey Martin writes,
On the other hand, many Egyptologists like Aidan Dodson consider Nefertiti to have become the female king Neferneferuaten, in which case, if Horemheb's wife Mutnedjemet was Nefertiti's sister, she would have linked her husband more closely with a former monarch. Moreover, it is possible that Nefertiti and her sister Mutbenret/Mutnodjmet, were daughters of the future king Ay, Horemheb's immediate predecessor, which would have made Horemheb succeed his father-in-law. The scarcity of the evidence precludes certainty on these points.

Monuments and inscriptions

Mutnedjmet is known from several objects and inscriptions:
  • A double statue of Horemheb and Mutnedjmet was found in Karnak, but is now in the Museo Egizio in Turin. On Mutnedjmet's side of the throne she is depicted as a winged sphinx who adores her own cartouche. As a sphinx she is depicted wearing a flat topped crown topped with plant elements associated with the goddess Tefnut. The back of the statue records Horemheb's rise to power.
  • Horemheb and Mutnodjemet are depicted in the tomb of Roy in Dra Abu el-Naga. The royal couple are shown in an offering scene.
  • One of the colossal statues in Karnak was made for Horemheb and depicted Mutnedjmet. The statue was later usurped and reinscribed for Ramesses II and Nefertari.
  • Mutnedjmet usurped several inscriptions of Ankhesenamun in Luxor.
  • Statues and other items including alabaster fragments naming Mutnodjemet were found in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. Some items bear funerary texts.

    Death and burial

Mutnedjmet died soon after Year 13 of her husband's rule in her mid-40s based on a wine-jar docket found in a burial chamber of Horemheb tomb at Saqqara, in Memphis and a statue and other items of hers found here. The badly damaged remains of her probable mummy was found in Horemheb's unused Memphite tomb along with the bones of unborn or newborn child. She appears to have been buried in the Memphite tomb of Horemheb, alongside his first wife Amenia. Mutnedjmet's mummy shows she had given birth several times, but the last King of the 18th Dynasty did not have a living heir at the time of his death. It has been suggested that she at least had a daughter who was simply not mentioned on any monuments. The presence of the fetus/infant along with Mutnedjmet in the tomb suggests that this queen died during pregnancy or in childbirth. A canopic jar of the Queen is now located in the British Museum.
Tomb in the Valley of the Queens, where Queen Tanodjmy, a wife of Seti I was buried, was suggested as a tomb of Mutnedjemet, due to a misreading of the cartouches with the queen's name. This erroneous suggestion has been abandoned.

In popular culture