Turonian
The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.2 Ma and 89.8 ± 0.3 Ma. The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian Stage and underlies the Coniacian Stage.
At the beginning of the Turonian an oceanic anoxic event took place, also referred to as the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the "Bonarelli Event". Sea level fall took place in the latter part of the Turonian from the highstand at the beginning of the Turonian.
Stratigraphic definition
Image:Turonian Jerusalem Stone 031612.JPG|thumb|Lithographic limestone from the Gerofit Formation north of Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel; a variety of Jerusalem stone.The Turonian was defined by the French paleontologist Alcide d'Orbigny in 1842. Orbigny named it after the French city of Tours in the region of Touraine, which is the original type locality.
The base of the Turonian Stage is defined as the place where the ammonite species Watinoceras devonense first appears in the stratigraphic column. The official reference profile for the base of the Turonian is located in the Rock Canyon anticline near Pueblo, Colorado.
The top of the Turonian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic column where the inoceramid bivalve species Cremnoceramus rotundatus first appears.
Subdivision
The Turonian is sometimes subdivided in Lower/Early, Middle and Upper/Late substages or subages. In the Tethys domain, it contains the following ammonite biozones:- zone of Subprionocyclus neptuni
- zone of Collignoniceras woollgari
- zone of Mammites nodosoides
- zone of Watinoceras coloradoense or Watinoceras devonense
Literature
- ; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
- ; 2005: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A., Episodes 28: pp 93–104.