Margery Jackson
Margery Jackson was a British landlady in Carlisle, Cumberland. She was the daughter of a wealthy cloth merchant who was the mayor of Carlisle. In her latter years, following a fifteen-year legal dispute in the Court of Chancery over the execution of her father's and brother's wills, she returned from London to Carlisle in possession of the family fortune. She was then 69 years old and a spinster.
Thereafter, while living like a pauper in the family townhouse on Carlisle's market square, Jackson accrued a box of gold in rent from her properties. She became a local character, well-known for her miserly behaviour, her drinking, swearing and forthright speech, and her hidden riches, leading her to be nicknamed the Carlisle Miser. She was kind to her horses and dogs. In spite of her reclusive lifestyle, she had a friend in her financial advisor, Joseph Bowman of Botcherby, who took her into his home during her last illness.
Since her death in 1812, Jackson has been remembered in books, verse, a musical, and Tullie House Museum displays, for her eccentric behaviour, and for the size of her fortune, most of which she left to Bowman. Jackson was caricatured as a miser in the traditional manner until the publication in 1991 of a book by Helen R. Hallaway, which reassesses her position as an independent woman in the society of her era.
Life before Jackson's court cases
Financial and family background
In Jackson's time, family background mattered, and she had a background of social distinction. Her maternal grandfather was alderman William Nicholson JP, mayor of Carlisle and relative of William Nicolson, bishop of Carlisle. Her maternal great grandmother, after whom she was named, was Margery Aglionby, wife of John Aglionby, a hero of the siege of Carlisle. Her maternal grandmother was an Aglionby of Anglo-Norman descent, with aristocratic relatives and family arms displayed in St Cuthbert's Church, Carlisle. Her Aglionby ancestors included members of Parliament, mayors of Carlisle and a chaplain to Queen Elizabeth I, John Aglionby. In Jackson's lifetime, the Aglionbys' seat was the Nunnery of Ainstable.Jackson's paternal grandfather was Carlisle landowner Thomas "Trooper Tom" Jackson, a freeman of the city of Carlisle, who was recruited as a Cromwellian soldier of the English Civil War in 1648. Her father, a rich draper and cloth merchant, was Joseph Jackson, mayor of Carlisle. As a moneylender and landlord, Jackson owned "considerable estates and personal property", and "kept himself well informed on the law" for fear of untrustworthy lawyers.
In 1710 Jackson's father Joseph married Isabella Nicolson. Isabella was a cousin of Bishop Nicolson, and a relative by marriage of Barry Yelverton who became Viscount Avonmore. Joseph and Isabella Jackson had four children: clergyman and mayor of Carlisle William Nicolson Jackson, Captain Joseph Jackson, student Jerome or Jerom Jackson and Margery Jackson.
Jackson's early life, 1722–1776
Margery Jackson, who was born in Carlisle in January 1722 and baptised in the same town on 22 February 1722, grew up in the care of her cousin Thomas James and his sister Elizabeth James. She was educated on their instructions in the manner of the moneyed merchant class of that era, being taught to read and write, but not expected to assist in the drapery business. In the interests of catching a husband, she had a dancing master, and personal luxuries such as, "powder and pins", "hoop pettycoate", "dormees and double ruffles", "a pair of scarlet stockings", "a fan and ribbin", etc. According to Hallaway, Elizabeth James' strictness "evoked in Margery only vehement hostility and ascerbity of temper", which denied her the chance of a husband, and affected her later character.Some time after the death of Thomas James in 1739, Jackson was returned to her brother William, who by then had married, so that Jackson, now a difficult character, was not welcome. During this period of Jackson's early life, William became "a very rich man" and in 1743 paid Jackson her father's legacy of £1,250. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, William and his wife left the town, so Jackson made a profit from the soldiers as lodgers in the family house. It has been suggested that Jackson worked for a while as a servant or maid in London until her brother William died in 1776, and that she then lodged at Stanwix for a while before returning to London to file her suit.
Court cases
Life in London and Stafford, 1776–1791
This was the period of legal dispute, when Jackson reportedly travelled to London "on foot" to open her Chancery case. At some period, possibly during her years of legal dispute, Jackson boarded at Stafford with Se Bright, a milliner from Windsor, Berkshire, and remembered Bright's kindness in her will of 1783. Jackson is recorded as having funded the rebuilding of Botcherby Mill in 1790, although she did not acquire the money to do so until 1791.Legacies and disputes
Joseph Jackson left his estates to his eldest son William, £1,000 each to his remaining three children, and his personal property to his wife Isabella. Subsequently, Isabella left £550 each to her sons William, then aged 21, Joseph aged 12 and Jerome aged 5, £200 to Margery aged 11, and the estates and remaining property to William, who was made executor of the will. William did not initially pay out the legacies to his siblings. William and Margery exchanged letters in June 1773, in which Margery showed affection, calling him "a brother I hold near to me as even that of a parent", while William referred to her "pride" and "barbarous treatment". William was sued in Chancery by Margery for the moneys. Hallaway paraphrases the Jackson versus Jackson bill of complaint thus:Under her father's will, and her two brothers Joseph and Jerom were to receive one thousand pounds each on reaching their majority. Margery was paid her legacy but Joseph and Jerom, at twenty-one, got nothing at all. According to her mother's will, Margery was left two hundred pounds, and her brothers, William included, inherited five hundred and fifty pounds each. This legacy was never paid. As both brothers died intestate... Margery and William were entitled to divide these estates equally among themselves. She was claiming from William half of these unpaid legacies – in fact the principal and interest on one thousand, five hundred and fifty pounds.
The case was still not resolved when, in 1776, William died. Blair says that William left a small annuity to his sister Margery, but Hallaway says that William's will, written in 1768, left her "nothing at all". Margery's brothers Joseph and Jerome having died, William left the bulk of his property to their third cousin Thomas Hodgson, and so began Margery's 1776 Chancery case of Jackson versus Hodgson in dispute of William's will. "Nursing her grievance, walked all the way back ".
To forward the Chancery case, Jackson versus Richardson and Hodgson, against her brother's executor Richardson and the legatee Hodgson, Jackson retained attorney Robert Mounsey of Holborn, London, and enlisted the support of Quaker Joseph Bowman of Botcherby, who became her investigator and friend. Thereafter, she stayed in London for fifteen years, watching over her case and over the efforts of her attorney. Jackson was claiming her legacies from both parents, plus interest, on the grounds that they remained unpaid. She also claimed half of the yet-unpaid legacies of her deceased brothers. "Throughout the case took a position of immovable righteousness while her opponents concocted devious schemes". Hodgson died, leaving the property to fifteen other Hodgsons, and Jackson came to an agreement with them. The fifteen Hodgsons accepted £100 each plus costs, and in 1791 Jackson received all of the remainder of her family's legacy. "It was manly due to diligence that this case came to an end".
Life in Carlisle, 1791–1809
Appearance
Jackson was of medium height, but as observed in old age she was "thin, sallow, and shrivelled, with a most forbidding aspect", and she would pay no dressmaker:In the very heat of summer was sometimes seen dressed in an old washed-out yellow gown, which she always held up so as to exhibit a yellow white petticoat; she would then also wear a blackish silk cloak, something of the scarf shape, which might have been Margery's finest adornings for thirty or forty years, but her favourite and general dress was an old gray duffle coat, – none of your mandarins, full and short, with hanging sleeves, – but tight every way, and only so short as to save the bottom from wearing away against the stones, and expose to view her gold buckles, the same, we may suppose, as graced the under-members of her great-grandmother centuries ago! This said grey doublet was confined at the old maiden's waist with a hemp-cord, and had a hood, which was drawn up under a brownish-black bonnet of indescribable shape; she generally used pattens, and carried in her hand a gold-headed cane.
Character
Much of what is known about Jackson's character refers to her miserliness and misanthropy during her Carlisle years, and is taken from her newspaper obituaries of 1812, and repeated in Blair and in "The life of Margery Jackson" in the Carlisle Journal. Following the successful conclusion of her Chancery case, Jackson returned to Carlisle in 1791, making an entrance in her own newly built "splendid carriage" which incorporated plate glass from her brother's chaise, and carrying a new silver teapot by silversmith William Abdy II, although the Dundee, Perth and Cupar Advertiser wrongly states that she arrived in her brother's old carriage. She then took possession of William's townhouse in the Square. Blair suggests that Jackson's miserly habit began at this point, because she had to make up for the money spent on the suit and on paying off the fifteen Hodgson cousins. Jackson was thereafter a "litigious woman". Robert Mounsey, Joseph Bowman, and one other financial consultant were her only friends. Jackson was isolated but independent. According to Blair:Early prepossessed with unfavourable notions of mankind, she kept herself isolated from the world; and although possessed of a masculine understanding, it has received no polish from education; nor did her after habits afford any opportunity of correcting the bia which she had unfortunately received. It was on money, and not on men, that she depended in case of necessity;— this she esteemed the palladium of her security,— the very penates, or protectors of her existence.
According to Hallaway : "In her time, Margery Jackson was attributed with a 'masculine' intelligence; today she would have enjoyed the reputation of a good business head". Jackson was known in Carlisle as "Old Margery". In spite of her wealth, she lived as a pauper in her big, roof-galleried house on the square. The windows were left dirty, closed and shuttered. "She had them once cleansed, and the event being so wonderful it was recorded in the Carlisle Journal".
We have heard of the Golden Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, nor can we forget to mention the Age of Reason, but, in our apprehension, the present may fitly be called the Age of CLEANLINESS.— We cannot do ample justice to the labours of our ABIGAILS and TABITHAS, who in honour of the Assizes have given our mansions such an air of neatness and comfort;— but, omitting this, it would certainly be an unpardonable neglect in us entirely to overlook what has been done by a maiden lady who lives not a hundred miles from the central link of a chain of buildings, that at one end is denominated Scotch and the other English:— this prodigal old woman has actually been at the expense of hiring an Assistant to clean her windows; these the passenger can now discover to be of glass, and she threatens every one with a law suit who dare to venture to affirm the contrary.
Initially, Jackson kept servants, "lived a gentlewoman's life" and went out in her carriage. However she was disliked by her neighbours, who did not invite or visit her. She put her horses out to grass, she slung her carriage, wheel-less, from the carriage-house roof, and dismissed her servants. Without servants, she lived and cooked in her dirty front parlour, which retained her family's "ancient" but elegant furniture. She owned houses for rent, and two of her tenants assisted with bread-making and laundering. Her meanness sometimes carried its own punishment. A poorly-paid workman once replaced her fire-grate with one made of peat disguised with brick dust, so that it would be consumed by her next fire. At the same time, Jackson accumulated and loved gold, insisting that her rents were paid in gold or silver only. She kept the gold in an iron chest, and at her death it contained 9,000 guineas. "It was a received opinion that she constantly kept loaded pistols by her; hence no attempt to break into her house was ever known".
Jackson would sew and read her Bible at home on Sundays, but did not attend Carlisle's St Cuthbert's Church, where she rented a box pew. However, having been informed that some lads had been using her pew, she arrived at the service, asserted her rights by turning them out of her pew, and promptly went home. Jackson drank brandy and port wine alone and to excess, calling them "Dr Port and Dr French". She could be disruptive, shouting, "Trash!" at those paying full price in the market, and throwing gamebirds back when sent to her by the Reverend Samuel Bateman of Newbiggin Hall, Carlisle, because "she would have none of his trash". Jackson was given to swearing, or "Billinsgate rhetoric, in which she was in no inconsiderable degree eloquent". However the drink could ameliorate her behaviour:
In this practice , however, she never lost the use of her tongue:— this unruly member acquired fresh pliancy and renovated strength, by the application of her beloved Cogniac . But the missile of feminine vengeance was blunted by the thunder of forensic eloquence: the talismanic influence of the law could relax the muscles even of a misanthrope, and irradiate, with a smile of satisfaction, the rigid countenance of austerity itself.— What is more,— it could even relax the purse-strings of her heart;— then money had lost all its charms— it even, in her estimation, seemed to have lost its value.