Man and Superman
Man and Superman is a four-act drama written by Bernard Shaw in 1903 and premiered at the Court Theatre in London on 21 May 1905. The first production – like most subsequent ones – omitted a dream sequence, Don Juan in Hell, from the third act. That episode was first given at the Court in 1907. The play humorously illustrates the theories of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche that humanity will evolve to superman status and that it is women, rather than men, who drive the process.
The play was staged with success on Broadway within months of the West End premiere and has been revived many times in Britain, North America and elsewhere. It has also been adapted for radio and television.
Background
Shaw established a reputation as a dramatist during the 1890s with plays including Arms and the Man, The Devil's Disciple and Caesar and Cleopatra and by the start of the twentieth century he was recognised as an important figure in the British theatre. The drama critic A. B. Walkley suggested that Shaw should write a play based on the Don Juan legend. In May 1900 Shaw began sketching a Parliament in Hell between Don Juan and the Devil. His biographer Michael Holroyd writes, "Around the Socratic debate he composed a three-act comedy, completing the scenario between 2 July and 8 October 1901. … in June 1902, this many-layered work, now called Man and Superman. A Comedy and a Philosophy, was finished". Shaw immediately worked on a revised draft and in January 1903 he read it aloud to his friends Beatrice and Sidney Webb, who were enthusiastic about the piece.First productions
The main body of the play – without the Act 3 dream sequence Don Juan in Hell – was first given by the Incorporated Stage Society at a matinee at the Court Theatre, London, on 21 May 1905. From the third performance the play was presented by the Granville Barker-Vedrenne management as part of a series of matinees they were presenting. There were fourteen matinee performances of the play in this first run. The piece was given at 68 evening and matinee performances at the Court between 23 October and 30 December 1905 with mainly the original cast. Further performances were presented at the same theatre by the same management in 1906 and 1907.| Role | May/June 1905 | Oct/Dec 1905 | Oct/Dec 1906 | May/June 1907 |
| Roebuck Ramsden | Charles Goodheart | J. H. Barnes | James Hearn | James Hearn |
| Octavius Robinson | Lewis Casson | Lewis Casson | Lewis Casson | Lewis Casson |
| John "Jack" Tanner | Harley Granville Barker | Harley Granville Barker | Robert Loraine | Robert Loraine |
| Henry Straker | Edmund Gwenn | Edmund Gwenn | Edmund Gwenn | Edmund Gwenn |
| Hector Malone Jr | Hubert Harben | James Carew | Hubert Harben | Denis Eadie |
| Hector Malone Sr | J. D. Beveridge | F. Cremlin | Edmund Gurney | Edmund Gurney |
| Ann Whitefield | Lillah McCarthy | Lillah McCarthy | Lillah McCarthy | Lillah McCarthy |
| Mrs Whitefield | Florence Haydon | Florence Haydon | Florence Haydon | Florence Haydon |
| Susan Ramsden | Agnes Thomas | Agnes Thomas | Agnes Thomas | Agnes Thomas |
| Violet Robinson | Grace Lane | Sarah Brooke | Grace Lane | Sarah Brooke |
| Parlourmaid | Hazel Thompson | Hazel Thompson | Mary Hamilton | Mary Hamilton |
The first performance of the Don Juan in Hell episode was at the Court on 4 June 1907 in a series of eight matinee performances presented by the Granville Barker-Vedrenne management, with Loraine as Don Juan, Michael Sherbrook as the statue, Norman McKinnel as the Devil and McCarthy as Doña Ana.
Summary
Mr Whitefield has recently died, and his will indicates that his daughter Ann should be left in the care of two men, Roebuck Ramsden and John Tanner. Ramsden, a venerable old man, distrusts John Tanner, an eloquent youth with revolutionary ideas, whom Shaw's stage directions describe as "prodigiously fluent of speech, restless, excitable, possibly a little mad". In spite of what Ramsden says, Ann accepts Tanner as her guardian, though Tanner does not want the position at all. She also challenges Tanner's revolutionary beliefs with her own ideas. Despite Tanner's professed dedication to anarchy, he is unable to disarm Ann's charm, and she ultimately persuades him to marry her, choosing him over her more persistent suitor, a young man, Tanner's friend, named Octavius Robinson.Characters
Roebuck Ramsden, an ageing civil reformer who was friend to the late Mr Whitefield. He corresponds to the statue in the Don Juan myth, who is in turn the representation of the spirit of Don Gonzalo, the father of Doña Ana.Octavius Robinson, an amiable young man who is in love with Ann Whitefield. Brother to Violet Robinson. He represents "Don Ottavio" from the Don Juan myth.John "Jack" Tanner, a well-educated, well-spoken man who takes everything seriously, including himself; a "political firebrand and confirmed bachelor." Allegedly the descendant of Don Juan, as well as the modern representation of the Don Juan character. The name "John Tanner" is an anglicisation of the Spanish name "Juan Tenorio", which is the full name of Don Juan.Henry Straker, chauffeur with a cockney accent.Hector Malone Jr, an American gentleman who is secretly married to Violet Robinson.Hector Malone Sr, an elderly gentleman who has worked hard throughout his life to attain a high social status in which he now takes pride.Ann Whitefield, a young woman, graceful, somewhat enigmatic. She corresponds to the character Doña Ana in the Don Juan myth.Mrs Whitefield, mother of Ann, and widow of the late Mr Whitefield.Susan Ramsden, unmarried sister of Roebuck Ramsden.Violet Robinson, sister of Octavius Robinson. She has been secretly married to Hector Malone Jr.Mendoza, an anarchist who collaborates with Tanner. Mendoza is the "President of the League of the Sierra," a self-described brigand. He corresponds to Shaw's conception of the Devil as he would be portrayed in the Don Juan myth.Interpretation
Act III / Don Juan in Hell
The long third act of the play, which shows Don Juan himself having a conversation with several characters in Hell, is often cut. Charles A. Berst observes of Act III:Don Juan in Hell consists of a philosophical debate between Don Juan, and the Devil, with Doña Ana and the Statue of Don Gonzalo, Ana's father looking on. This third act is sometimes performed separately as a play in its own right. In 1974–1975, Kurt Kasznar, Myrna Loy, Edward Mulhare and Ricardo Montalbán toured nationwide in John Houseman's production, playing 158 cities in six months.
Ideas
The play is described by Shaw as "a comedy and a philosophy". Although it can be performed as a light comedy of manners, Shaw intended the drama to be something deeper, as suggested by the title, which comes from Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical ideas about the "Übermensch". As Shaw notes in his "Epistle Dedicatory" he wrote the play as "a pretext for a propaganda of our own views of life". The plot centres on John Tanner, author of "The Revolutionist's Handbook and Pocket Companion", which is published with the play as a 58-page appendix. Both in the play and in the "Handbook" Shaw takes Nietzsche's theme that mankind is evolving, through natural selection, towards "superman" and develops the argument to suggest that the prime mover in selection is the woman: Ann Whitefield makes persistent efforts to entice Tanner to marry her yet he remains a bachelor. As Shaw himself puts it: "Don Juan had changed his sex and become Dona Juana, breaking out of the Doll's House and asserting herself as an individual". This is an explicit, intended reversal of Tirso de Molina's play The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest, more widely known as the source of Da Ponte's Don Giovanni; here Ann, representing Doña Ana, is the predator – "Don Juan is the quarry instead of the huntsman," as Shaw notes.Ann is referred to as "the Life Force" and represents Shaw's view that in every culture, it is the women who force the men to marry them rather than the men who take the initiative. Sally Peters Vogt proposes: "Thematically, the fluid Don Juan myth becomes a favorable milieu for Creative Evolution", and that "the legend ... becomes in Man and Superman the vehicle through which Shaw communicates his cosmic philosophy".
Critical reception
After the Broadway premiere in 1905 the New York correspondent of The Daily Telegraph reported:The New York Times said, "It was a brilliant comedy, acted to perfection".
The Oxford Dictionary of Plays comments that Man and Superman can be enjoyed "as a comedy in which the girl gets her man", or, "especially through the Don Juan in Hell scenes... as a philosophical debate which informs the comic outcome". The dictionary adds
In the view of the literary critic John Sutherland, "the story is full of coincidences and melodramatic happenings, but there is invariably something ironic or paradoxical about them". For Sutherland the play is "heavily imbued with Shavian metaphysics" and he notes that Shaw describes the Don Juan in Hell episode as "a new book of Genesis for the Bible of the Evolutionists.
Revivals and adaptations
In most productions the Don Juan in Hell sequence is omitted.Britain
1911 to 1938
The first London revival after the runs at the Court was at the Criterion Theatre in 1911. Loraine again played Jack, and Pauline Chase was Ann. It ran for 167 performances. The first London production of the full play, including the Don Juan in Hell sequence, was given at the Regent Theatre in October 1925.There were further revivals of the play at the Kingsway Theatre in 1927, the Court in 1930, the Kingsway in 1931 and the Cambridge Theatre in 1935. In all these revivals Esmé Percy played Jack opposite leading ladies including Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies and Rosalinde Fuller. The last pre-war London production was at the Old Vic in 1938. Lewis Casson directed, Anthony Quayle played Jack and Valerie Tudor played Ann.
1951 to present
The first West End revival after the Second World War was at the New Theatre in 1951. It starred John Clements and Kay Hammond as the protagonists. A revival at the Prince's in the same year included Don Juan in Hell.A production at the Arts Theatre in 1965 starred Alan Badel and Siân Phillips. The Royal Shakespeare Company staged the play in 1977, first at the Malvern Festival and then on tour, and finally at the Savoy Theatre in London. Richard Pasco played Jack and Susan Hampshire Ann. The National Theatre has twice staged the piece in full, including the Don Juan in Hell episode. In the first production Daniel Massey was Jack/Juan and Penelope Wilton Ann/Ana; in the second Ralph Fiennes was Jack/Juan and Indira Varma Ann/Ana. Between those productions Peter O'Toole starred in a 1982 production that toured and then played at the Haymarket Theatre in London.
Ireland
The Abbey Theatre presented three productions of the play, in 1917, 1925 and 1927. They were directed by J. Augustus Keogh, Michael J. Dolan and Lennox Robinson. In 2012 the Irish Repertory Theatre and Gingold Theatrical Group presented a revival directed and adapted by David Staller.France
Les Archives du spectacle list two productions of Don Juan in Hell, in a translation by André Maurois, but no productions of the main Man and Superman in France are recorded.North America
The Internet Broadway Database lists five productions of the play. The first, in 1905, starred Loraine and Fay Davis and ran for 192 performances. A revival directed by and starring Maurice Evans ran for 295 performances in 1947–48. Don Juan in Hell was given an all‐star reading with considerable success in 1951 with Charles Boyer, Charles Laughton, Cedric Hardwicke, and Agnes Moorehead. The complete play was mounted by the Phoenix Theatre in 1964 with Ellis Rabb, Rosemary Harris and Nancy Marchand, and by the Circle in the Square in 1978 with George Grizzard, Ann Sachs, and Philip Bosco.In 1982 David Wheeler directed a production at the Charles Playhouse in Boston, starring Richard Jordan and Diane Salinger. During rehearsals, the play was gradually whittled down to a three-hour length, but the "Don Juan in Hell" sequence survived intact. In 1990 South Coast Repertory in Costa Mesa, California staged a production, with the Don Juan in Hell act included, directed by Martin Benson and starring John de Lancie as Jack Tanner and his wife Marnie Mosiman as Ann Whitefield.
The Shaw Festival in Canada opened its first season with Don Juan in Hell and presented the main play in 1966 with Barry Morse and Pat Galloway as the protagonists. In two later festival productions, which included Don Juan in Hell, the leading roles were played by Ian Richardson and Carole Shelley, and Michael Ball and Kate Trotter. The festival again staged the work in 2004 with Ben Carlson and Fiona Blair as Tanner and Ann, and in 2019 with Gray Powell and Sara Topham.
Radio
In 1946, the BBC Third Programme broadcast the entire play over the wireless for the first time. The production was directed by Peter Watts. It starred John Garside, Leonard Sachs, Sebastian Shaw and Grizelda Hervey among others. A 1965 adaptation starred Robert Hardy as Tanner and Fenella Fielding as Ann.In 1996, to celebrate BBC Radio 3's 50th Anniversary, Peter Hall directed an audio production with Ralph Fiennes as Jack Tanner, Judi Dench as Mrs Whitefield, John Wood as Mendoza, Juliet Stevenson as Ann Whitefield, Nicholas Le Prevost as Octavius Robinson and Jack Davenport as Hector Malone.