Mad scene


A mad scene is an enactment of insanity in an opera, play, or the like. It may be well contained in a number, appear during or recur throughout a more through-composed work, be deployed in a finale, form the underlying basis of the work, or constitute the entire work. They are often very dramatic, representing virtuoso pieces for singers. Some were written for specific singer, usually of a soprano Fach.

History

The mad scene first appeared in seventeenth-century Venetian operas, especially those of Francesco Cavalli, most notably in L'Egisto. More notable examples were composed for opere serie or semiserie, as in those of Georg Frideric Handel. They were a popular convention of French and especially Italian opera in the early nineteenth century, becoming a bel canto staple. Gaetano Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor is the most famous example; it was likely modeled on Vincenzo Bellini's earlier example in I puritani. Gilbert and Sullivan satirized this convention via Mad Meg in Ruddigore. As composers sought more realism, they adapted the scene, better integrating it into the opera. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky often deployed these scenes as finales.
With the rise of psychology, modernist composers revived and transformed the mad scene in expressionist operas and similar genres. Richard Strauss, Arnold Schoenberg, and Alban Berg depicted madness in new and dissonant idioms in the early 1900s. Berg, Igor Stravinsky, and Benjamin Britten wrote these scenes for male roles. The latter wrote a mad scene parody in A Midsummer Night's Dream.
The modern musical theatre was also influenced by the operatic mad scene, as in Andrew Lloyd Webber's Sunset Boulevard or Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd. Some ballets contain similar scenes, most notably Adolphe Adam's Giselle.

Selected examples

Baroque

  • Didone, Act 2
  • L'Egisto, Act 3
  • Giasone
Alessandro Stradella
  • Il Trespolo tutore
Jean-Baptiste Lully
  • Roland, Act 4, Scene 5, "Je suis trahi! Ciel!"
George Frideric Handel
  • Orlando, "Ah! stigie larve... Vaghe pupille"
  • Hercules, "Where shall I fly?"
Johann Adolph Hasse
  • Artaserse, "Pallido il sole"

    Classical

  • Idomeneo, "D'Oreste, d'Ajace"
Ferdinando Paer
  • ''Agnese''

    Romantic

  • Ermione, "Essa corre al trionfo"
  • Semiramide, "Deh! Ti ferma"
Gaetano Donizetti
  • Lucia di Lammermoor, "Il dolce suono... Ardon gl'incensi... Spargi d'amaro pianto", the locus classicus
  • Linda di Chamounix, "Linda! Ah che pensato"
  • Maria Padilla
  • Torquato Tasso
  • Anna Bolena, "Piangete voi... Al dolce guidami... Coppia iniqua"
Vincenzo Bellini
  • I puritani, "O rendetemi... Qui la voce sua soave... Vien, diletto, e in ciel la luna"
  • Il pirata, "Col sorriso d'innocenza... Oh, Sole! ti vela di tenebra fonda"
  • La sonnambula, "Oh! se una volta sola... Ah! non credea mirarti... Ah! non giunge uman pensiero"
Giuseppe Verdi
  • Nabucco, "Chi mi toglie"
  • Macbeth, "Una macchia"
  • Attila, "Mentre gonfiarsi l'anima"
Richard Wagner
  • Die Feen, Act 3, "Halloh! Halloh! Lasst alle Hunde los!"
  • Tristan und Isolde
Giacomo Meyerbeer
  • L'étoile du nord, Act 3
  • Dinorah, "Ombre légère"
Ferenc Erkel
  • Bánk bán, Act 3, "Tudsz-e madárról éneket?"
Ambroise Thomas
  • Hamlet, "Partagez-vous mes fleurs"
Modest Mussorgsky
  • Boris Godunov, "Oi! Duschno, Duschno"
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
  • The Oprichnik, finale
  • Mazeppa, finale
  • The Enchantress, finale
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
  • The Tsar's Bride, "Ivan Sergeyich, khochesh' v sad poydem"

    Since 1900

  • Salome, finale
  • Elektra, finale
Arnold Schoenberg
  • Erwartung in toto
Max von Schillings
  • Mona Lisa, Act 2, "So! so! Hab' ich dich!"
Alban Berg
  • Wozzeck, Act 1, Scene 2, "Du , der Platz ist verflucht!"
  • Wozzeck, Act 3, Scene 4, "Das Messer! Wo ist das Messer?"
  • Lulu, Act 2, Scene 1, "Du Kreatur, die mich durch den Strassenkot zum Martertode schleift!"
Sergei Prokofiev
  • Semyon Kotko
Benjamin Britten
  • Peter Grimes, "Steady. There you are, nearly home"
  • Curlew River
Igor Stravinsky
Francis Poulenc
  • Dialogues des Carmélites
  • La voix humaine
Hans Werner Henze
Peter Maxwell Davies
Leonard Bernstein
  • Mass, XVI. Fraction: "Things get broken"
Dominick Argento
  • Miss Havisham's Fire, finale
John Corigliano
André Previn
  • ''A Streetcar Named Desire''

    Since 2000

  • Salsipuedes: a Tale of Love, War and Anchovies, Act 3, Scene 3, "Guzmán, Guzmán, ayúdame"

    Comparable examples

  • La finta pazza, Act 2, Scene 10
Henry Purcell
  • "From rosy bow'rs" from The Comical History of Don Quixote, described by Edward Joseph Dent as a "mad song"
Jean-Philippe Rameau
Giuseppe Verdi
  • La traviata, "É strano!... Sempre libera"
Arnold Schoenberg
  • Pierrot lunaire
Giacomo Puccini
  • Suor Angelica, arguably in toto
Milton Babbitt
  • Philomel
Luciano Berio
  • Sequenza III
Olga Neuwirth
  • Lost Highway, Scene 5.4, "There's no smoking here"
Michael Finnissy
  • Gesualdo: Libro Sesto, IV. "Quel 'no' crudel"

    Parodies

  • Le pont des soupirs, "Ah! le Doge, ah! Les plombs, le canal Orfano l'Adriatique, c'est fini je suis folle"
Gilbert and Sullivan
  • Ruddigore, "Cheerily carols the lark"
  • The Grand Duke, "I have a rival! Frenzy-thrilled, I find you both together!"
Benjamin Britten
Leonard Bernstein
  • Candide, "Glitter and be gay"