Jê–Tupi–Carib languages


Jê–Tupi–Carib is a proposed language family composed of the Macro-Jê, Tupian and Cariban languages of South America. Aryon Rodrigues based this proposal on shared morphological patterns. In an earlier proposal, Rodrigues had also proposed a Tupí-Cariban language family. or Mason's "Macro-Tupí-Guaranían" family which groups Tupian together with Bora–Witoto and Zaparoan.
However, in some cases, similarities among the language families are clearly due to more recent linguistic diffusion, as with Tupian and Jê languages in the lower Tocantins-Mearim area. Linguistic diffusion among Jê, Tupian, Cariban, Arawakan, and Trumai languages is also evident among the languages of the Xingu Indigenous Park.

Comparison

Nikulin (2015)

Nikulin compared the vocabulary of Proto-Macro-Jê, Proto-Tupí, and Proto-Carib. In this comparison, only four matches were found among all three proto-languages: 'name', 'tooth', 'to eat', and 'ear'.
MeaningProto-Macro-JêProto-TupíProto-Karib
‘we’*ka *oɾʸe / *oɾʸo=,*Vy= *apina, *kɨwɨ-ɾə
‘two’*ɾeynot reconstructible*atyəkə
‘I’*iK=, *ba= *õn / *o=*əwɨ-ɾə
‘eye’*ⁿdʌm*=eča*=ənu
‘you’*aC=, *ka=*ẽn / *e=*əmə-ɾə
‘fire’*ʆɯm*=atʸa*wapoto
‘tongue’*ʆɔ̃ỹᵊtʌy / *ɲɔ̃ỹᵊtʌy*kʸũ*nuɾu
‘stone’*kɾaT ~ *kɾaK*wita*təpu
‘name’*yit*=et*=ətetɨ
‘hand’*ⁿbo*po / *ⁿpo*=əmiya
‘to die’*tɯC*pap*ɾəməpə
‘to drink’*ʆop / *yop*kʼu ‘to eat, to drink’*ənɨɾɨ
‘louse’*ⁿgot, *tit *ⁿkɨp*ayamə
‘moon’*Pãɲɔ̃t *wačɨ*nunnə
‘nail’*pṼ=ʆay*po=ape / *ⁿpo=ape*=amoti
‘blood’*ʆVⁿbV / *yVⁿbV *=Vʔɨ*munu
‘one’*piyit not reconstructible*əwinə
‘tooth’*ʆɔy / *yɔy*=ãỹ*=ə
‘new’*tʌbⁿnot reconstructiblenot reconstructible
‘dry’*tVgⁿ*ⁿkãŋ *umɨna
‘liver’*ⁿbaT ~ *ⁿbaK*pɨʔa*=əɾe
‘to eat’*ku*kʼu ‘to eat, to drink’*ətəku
‘tail’*ⁿbɯn*=uway*=kɨ
‘this’*toCnot reconstructible*tə
‘hair’*ʆi *=ap*tipotɨ
‘water’*ⁿbiVk *kʼɨ*tuna
‘nose’*ʆĩya / *ɲĩya*ãpɨy*=əwna
‘not’*tɔ̃T ~ *tɔ̃K*=ãm *=ɾa, *=pɨɾa
‘mouth’*ʆaɾᵊ / *yaɾᵊ*=ẽn*mɨta
‘ear’*ʆĩp=pV / *ɲĩp=pV *apɨ*pana
‘that’*nã not reconstructible*mə
‘bird’*pɾɤy,*ⁿbVkɾa not reconstructible*toɾono
‘bone’*ʆik / *yik*kãŋ*ye
‘sun’*Pãɲɔ̃t, *kɾVPV*ⁿkʷat*titi
‘tree’*kop*kʼɨp*yeye
‘ashes’*ⁿbɾʌknot reconstructible*əɾuno
‘to give’*ʆɔ̃p / *ɲɔ̃p*=ũm*utu
‘rain’*ⁿdVy*mãn*konopo
‘fish’*mĩKnũ *ɨp, *potʸ, *poɾʸɨp*woto, *kana
‘neck’*ʆok- / *yok-*wut*pɨmɨ
‘breast’*kɤp ~ *kɛp *ⁿkãm*manatɨ
‘leaf’*ʆoyᵊ, *ʆaɾɔ *=epʷ*yaɾe
‘to come’*tɛ, *mɔ̃ŋ *wut *ətepɨ
‘to kill’*paT ~ *paK*aku *wə
‘foot’*paɾᵊ*pɨ / *ⁿpɨ*pupu
‘to sit’*ɲɯ̃ p*innot reconstructible
‘root’*ʆaɾet / *yaɾet*=apo *mitɨ
‘horn’*kopnot reconstructible*ɾetɨ
‘to fly’*pɔ, *ʆɔ not reconstructiblenot reconstructible
‘to hear’*ⁿbak*=eⁿtup*əta
‘skin,bark’*kɤ*pe*pi
‘long’*ɾɯy*peɾeC *mɨa
‘meat’*ɲĩt*ẽt*punu
‘road’*pɾɯt*pe / *ape*ətema
‘to know’*ⁿbaknot reconstructible*pu
‘egg’*ⁿgɾɛ*=upiʔa*pumo
‘seed’*ʆɯmnot reconstructible*epɨ
‘knee’*ʆVkɾã / *yVkɾã*=pɨ̃ʔã *=ətyə=kumu
‘head’*kɾãỹ*ʔa*pu
‘to sleep’*ʆɔ̃tᵊ / *ɲɔ̃tᵊ*kʸet*wənɨkɨ
‘to burn’*pokᵊ*pɨkʼ*iatu
‘to bite’*pɾop ~ *pɾʌp*čukʼu*əte
‘fat’*tɔbⁿ*kʸap*katɨ
‘man’*ⁿbɯn*aɨče*wəkɨɾɨ
‘all’*=pV not reconstructible, cf. PTG *=pap ‘completive’not reconstructible
‘snake’*kaŋã*ⁿboy*əkəyu
‘to see’*ⁿbVp *cup*əne
‘heavy’*kuʆɯ*pocɨy*əwoti-
‘to go’*tɛ, *mɔ̃ŋ *co*tə
‘cold’*yiyi *cik ~ *čik*komiti
‘cloud’*ⁿgVkᵊ, *ⁿbVV not reconstructiblenot reconstructible
‘far’*ɾɯynot reconstructible*mɨa, *paki
‘good’*ⁿbɛȶᵊ not reconstructible*kuɾe
‘mountain’*kɾãỹ*cuʔa ~ *čuʔa*ɨpɨ
‘wind’*kokᵊ*ɨpʷɨtu*apitetune
‘belly’*tikᵊ *=ɨʔe ~ *=eʔo *waku

Nikulin (2019)

Jê-Tupí-Cariban basic vocabulary listed by Nikulin :
  • ‘to go’: p-Tupian *to, p-Bororo *tu, p-Cariban *tə
  • ‘arm’: p-Mundurukú *paʔ, p-Macro-Jê *paC, Chiquitano pa-, p-Kariri *bo, p-Cariban *apə-rɨ
  • ‘foot’: p-Tupian *py, p-Macro-Jê *pVrV, p-Bororo *bure, Kariri *bɨ, Chiquitano pope-, p-Cariban *pupu-ru
  • ‘seed’: p-Tuparí-Karitiana *j-upa, p-Cariban *əpɨ
  • ‘stone’: p-Macro-Jê *kra, p-Kariri *kro
  • ‘tree’: p-Bororo *i, p-Kariri *dzi
  • ‘to sleep’: p-Jabutí *nũtã, Chiquitano a-nu, p-Bororo *unutu / *-nutu, p-Kariri *-unu, p-Macro-Jê *ũtᵊ

Nikulin (2023)

Nikulin identifies the following cognates in Macro-Jê and Tupian as further evidence for a Macro-Jê–Tupian family.
GlossProto-Macro-JêProto-Tupian
3rd person non-coreferential prefix*i- / *c-*i- / *c-
‘meat, flesh’*ĩt / *-ñĩt*ẽT / *-jẽT
‘to stand’*ja *-ja or *-ʔãP
‘name’*-jet*-jeT
‘father’*-jo₂m*-joP
‘pus’*-jo₂w°*-joP ‘fish roe, pus’
‘tooth’*-juñ°*-jãC
‘to ingest’ *-ko₂*-ꝁo
‘tree, tree-like object ’*ky₁m°*ꝁɯP
‘liver’*-mbâ*-pɨʔa / *mbɨʔa
‘smoke’*-ñĩjə̂k*-jĩːK
‘feces’*-ñV˜ t°*-jV˜ T
‘earth’*ŋgyN°*ꝁɯC
‘arm’*-pa ‘arm, branch’*-pə / *mbə ‘hand, vine-like’,
*-pə-ʔa / *mbə-ʔa ‘arm’
‘foot’*-pâr°*-pɨ / *mbɨ
‘to burn, to set on fire’*py₁k° ~ *py₁ŋ°*-pɯK
3rd person coreferential prefix*ta-*tə-
‘to give’*-ũp*-õP
‘to go up, to rise’*-we*-weP

GlossProto-Macro-JêTupian
‘hole’*-kuñ°Proto-Mundurukuan *-kã̰j
‘ripe’*-ndêp°Tuparí -tep
‘to kill’*-wĩKaro -

GlossProto-TupianMacro-Jê
‘bitter’*-ðəPProto-Cerrado *-ndap ‘sour, bitter’
‘to do, to say, to be like this’*-ꝁeProto-Southern Jê *kê / *ke
‘white’*-ǩɨTProto-Cerrado *-kaː
‘husband’*-mẽTProto-Macro-Jê *-mbi₂n
‘I’*o-Proto-Cerrado *wa
‘to wake up’*-paKProto-Jabutian *-pa
‘heavy’*-pətɨCMaxakalí -ptux
‘to go’, ‘to come’*-tẽP ‘to exit’, *-ʔatẽP ‘to arrive’Proto-Macro-Jê *tẽ ‘to go, to come’
‘to arrive’*-wɯC ‘to go out, to arrive’Proto-Cerrado *wôc, nonfinite *-wôc

GlossMacro-JêTupian
‘bat’Proto-Goyaz *nĵêpProto-Tupian *jɯP
‘to dig’Proto-Macro-Jê *-kut Proto-Mundurukuan *-ɟ e-kot
‘to enter’Proto-Jê *ŋgê₂ Proto-Tupian *-ke ~ *-ǩe
‘to pierce’Proto-Cerrado *-pôk, *-japôk Proto-Tupi–Guaranian *-puK
‘son’Proto-Chiquitano *´-tsayProto-Tuparian *-jaʔɨP or Proto-Mawé–Guaranian *-caʔɨT
‘sour’Proto-Jê *-jôK ‘sour, salty’Karitiana -syk
‘sweet’Proto-Macro-Jê *-jə̂ñ Tuparí -hoy

Non-cognate lookalikes or loans are identified by Nikulin as:
  • ‘flat’: Proto-Mawé–Guaranian *-peːP and Ofayé -ɸiʔ
  • ‘to kill’: Ofayé -kə˜jʔ, Proto-Chiquitano *kõˀõj- ‘to kill, to die’, and Awetí -kỹj
  • ‘liquid’: Proto-Tupian *ʔɯ / *-j-ɯ and Proto-Jabutian *-y
  • ‘louse’: Proto-Macro-Jê *-ŋgy₁n° and Proto-Core Mondé *giT
  • ‘neck’: Proto-Tupian *-woT and Proto-Cerrado *-mbut
  • ‘powder, paste’: Proto-Tupian *-jõʔõP and Proto-Jabutian *-nũ
  • ‘thorn’: Proto-Macro-Jê *-ñĩn° ~ *-ñĩñ° and Tuparí

Macro-Chaco hypothesis

Nikulin suggests a Macro-Chaco hypothesis linking Jê-Tupí-Cariban with Mataco-Guaicuruan :
In addition to likely shared morphology, there are also various possible Macro-Chaco shared basic vocabulary items, listed below.
  • ‘tooth’: p-Tupian *j-ãc, p-Tupian *j-uñ, p-Bororo *o, Chiquitano oʔo-, p-Cariban *jə, p-Kariri *dza, p-Guaicurú *-owe
  • ‘liquid’: p-Tupian *j-ɯ, Chiquitano uʔu- ‘honey’, p-Matacoan *-ʔi
  • ‘name’: p-Tupian *j-et, p-Tupian *-jet, p-Bororo *idʒe, Kariri *dze, p-Matacoan *-ej, p-Zamocoan *i, Chiquitano ɨri-
  • ‘blood’: p-Tupian *əɯ, p-Tupian *j-O, p-Matacoan *’woj-, p-Guaicurú *-awot, Ayoreo ijo
  • ‘seed’: pre-pMundurukú *j-a, p-Tupian *j-əm, p-Bororo *a, Chiquitano ijo-, p-Chiquitano *a, p-Matacoan *-oʔ, p-Guaicurú -a ‘fruit’
Reconstructed pronominal affixes of the protolanguages of the Macro-Chaco families are given in the following table:
GLOSSMacro-
Tupí
Macro-
Proto-
Carib
Mataco-
Guaicurú
1st
singular
wi-, o-, ɨ-
*a-, *sʲe-
*ʔi-, yo-*ɨwɨ
*ʧi-
*y-
2nd
singular
*e-
*né-
*ʔa-, gʷa-*m-
*a-
*a-
3rd
singular
*o-
*i-, *ts-
*i-, ɛ-*kiʧɨ-
*k-
*i-
1st
plural
*ku-*qo-
2nd
plural
*pe-*ka-*qa-
3rd
plural

In this table the forms marked with refer to ergative/agentive case, and the forms marked with are referred to absolutive/patient/experiencer case.