Proto-Tupian language

Proto-Tupian is the reconstructed common ancestor of all the Tupian languages. It consists, therefore, of a hypothetical language, reconstructed by the comparative method from data of the descendant languages.
In Brazil, Tupian historical-comparative studies are being developed mainly by two scientific teams: one from the Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas of the University of Brasília, under the coordination of Aryon Rodrigues; and the other one from the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, located in Belém, under the orientation of Denny Moore. These studies provide evidence about the Proto-Tupian economy and culture, suggesting, for example, that they had agriculture.
The most accepted theory is that the Tupian language family originated between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. There are currently 70 Tupian languages, including Tupi, Paraguayan Guarani, Awetï, Ayvu, etc.

Linguistic homeland

Rodrigues considers the Proto-Tupian linguistic homeland to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages, making it the probable linguistic homeland of these languages and maybe of the peoples that traditionally speak them. Rodrigues believes that Proto-Tupian dates back to around 5000 BP.
O'Hagan proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

Phonology

Proto-Tupian is reconstructed with the following phonology:

Lexicon

This section lists Proto-Tupían reconstructions from Rodrigues and Cabral. Since the reconstructions are highly tentative, the Proto-Tupían forms are all marked by two asterisks.
For a list of Proto-Tupian reconstructions by Nikulin, see the corresponding Portuguese article.

Independent nouns

Proto-Tupian independent nouns:
;Human beings:

**apʷũ ‘person’/‘who’
**aɨče ‘man’
**pet ‘woman’
**orʲe ‘we, I; he/they’
**ru ‘fellow’

;Animals:

**ɨčɨ ‘deer’
**ameko ‘jaguar’
**aʔɨ ‘sloth’
**awuru/aworo ‘parrot’
**arat ‘macaw’
**moj ‘snake’
**ɨp ‘fish’
**enem ‘beetle’
**ŋap ‘wasp’

;Plants:

**mani ‘manioc’
**awa/awai ‘yams’
**ɨčɨpo ‘vine’
**kʔɨp ‘tree, wood’
**kɨče ‘bamboo’
**ɨʔa ‘calabash’
**wetʲɨk ‘sweet potato’

;Nature:

**ŋʷat ‘sun’
**watɨ ‘moon’
**ɨpʷɨ ‘earth’
**aman ‘rain’
**ičʔɨ ‘river’
**wita ‘stone’
**ʔat ‘day’

Dependent nouns

Proto-Tupian dependent nouns:
;Kinship:

**amõj ‘grandfather’
**up ‘father’
**čɨ ‘mother’
**aʔɨt ‘son of a man’
**ɨket ‘older sister of a woman’
**kɨpʷɨt ‘brother of a woman’

;Parts of the body of animals:

**po ‘hand’
**ʔa ‘head’
**ap ‘hair’
**apɨ ‘ear’
**pepʔo ‘wing’
**uwaj ‘tail’
**kaŋ ‘bone’

;Parts of plants:

**epʷ ‘leaf’
**akã ‘branch’
**potʔɨt ‘flower’
**wu ‘thorn’

;Artifacts:

**ekʷʔɨp ‘arrow’
**wɨ ‘ax’
**ɨrʲu ‘basket’
**waʔẽ ‘pot’
**čʔam ‘rope’
**atʲa ‘fire’
**ekʷ ‘house’
**moʔɨt ‘necklace’

;Sensations, feelings, and attributes

**ačɨ ‘ache’
**akʲup ‘warm’
**ečaraj ‘forgetful’
**pocɨj ‘heavy’
**acʔaŋ ‘thick’

Verbs, affixes, and others

Proto-Tupian verbs, affixes, and other parts of speech:
;Positional verbs

**ʔam ‘to stand’
**up ~ wup ‘to lie’
**in ‘to sit’
**eko ‘to be moving’
**kup ‘to be plural’

;Motion / directional verbs

**ka ‘to go’
**co ‘to go’
**ut ~ **wut ‘to come’

;Dicendi / faciendi verb

**kʔe ‘to say/to do’

;Postpositions

**pe ‘punctual locative/dative’
**ka ‘allative’
**wo ~ mo ‘diffuse locative’
**ece ‘relative’/‘associative’
**eɾi, **wi ‘ablative’
**eɾʲo ~ **eɾʲe ‘associative’
**coče ‘superessive’
**na ‘translative’

;Derivational valence changing prefixes

**mo- ‘causative prefix’
**eɾʲo- ~ **eɾʲe- ‘causative-comitative prefix’
**we- ‘reflexive prefix’
**wo- ‘reciprocal prefix’

Cultural vocabulary

Proto-Tupían cultural vocabulary :