Macedonian alphabet
The orthography of the Macedonian language includes an alphabet consisting of 31 letters, which is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation.
The Macedonian alphabet was
standardized in 1945 by a commission formed in Yugoslav Macedonia after the Partisans took power at the end of World War II. The alphabet used the same phonemic principles employed by Vuk Karadžić and Krste Misirkov.
Before standardization, the language had been written in a variety of different versions of Cyrillic by different writers, influenced by Early Cyrillic, Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian orthography.
The alphabet
Origins:The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Macedonian alphabet, along with the IPA value for each letter:
In addition to the standard sounds of the letters Ѓ and Ќ above, in some dialects these letters represent and, respectively.
Cursive alphabet
The above table contains the printed form of the Macedonian alphabet; the cursive script is significantly different, and is illustrated below in lower and upper case.[File:Cyrillic alternates.svg|thumb|right|250px|
Alternate variants of lowercase Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш.
See also: and
]
Specialized letters
Macedonian has a number of phonemes not found in neighboring languages. The committees charged with drafting the Macedonian alphabet decided on phonemic principle with a one-to-one match between letters and distinctive sounds.Unique letters
Ѓ and Ќ
In "On Macedonian Matters", Misirkov used the combinations Г' and К' to represent the phonemes and, which are unique to Macedonian among South Slavic languages. In his magazine "Vardar", Misirkov used the letters Ѓ and Ќ, as did Dimitar Mirčev in his book. Eventually, Ѓ and Ќ were adopted for the Macedonian alphabet.In 1887, Temko Popov of the Secret Macedonian Committee used the digraphs гј and кј in his article "Who is guilty?". The following year, the committee published the "Macedonian primer" which used the Serbian letters Ђ and Ћ for these phonemes.
Marko Cepenkov, Gjorgjija Pulevski and Parteniy Zografski used ГЬ and КЬ.
Despite their forms, Ѓ and Ќ are ordered not after Г and К, but after Д and Т respectively, based on phonetic similarity. This corresponds to the alphabet positions of Serbian Ђ and Ћ respectively. These letters often correspond to Macedonian Ѓ and Ќ in cognates, but they are phonetically different.
Ѕ
The Cyrillic letter Dze, representing the sound, is based on Dzělo, the eighth letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet. Although a homoglyph to the Latin letter S, the two letters are not directly related. Both the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet and the Russian alphabet also had a letter Ѕ, although Romanian Cyrillic was replaced with a Latin alphabet in the 1860s, and the letter Ѕ was abolished in Russian in the early 18th century.Although Ѕ is generally transcribed as dz, it is a distinct phoneme and is not analogous to ДЗ, which is also used in Macedonian orthography for. Ѕ is sometimes described as soft-dz.
Dimitar Mirčev was most likely the first writer to use this letter in print prior to the standardization of 1944.
Letters analogous to Serbian Cyrillic
Ј
Prior to standardization, the IPA phoneme was represented variously as:Eventually the Ј was selected to represent.
Љ and Њ
The letters Љ and Њ are ultimately from the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, Macedonian writers have also used:- the digraphs ЛЬ and НЬ
- the digraphs ЛЈ and НЈ
- the combinations Л' and '''Н''''
Џ
Accented letters
The accented letters Ѐ and Ѝ are not regarded as separate letters, nor are they accented to signify a different pronunciation. Rather, they are the standard letters Е and И topped with an accent when they stand in words that have homographs, so as to differentiate between them.Development
Until the modern era, Macedonian was predominantly a spoken language, with no standardized written form of the vernacular dialects. Formal written communication was usually in the Church Slavonic language or in Greek, which were the languages of liturgy, and were therefore considered the 'formal languages'.The decline of the Ottoman Empire from the mid-19th century coincided with Slavic resistance to the use of Greek in Orthodox churches and schools, and a resistance amongst Macedonian Slavs to the introduction of standard Bulgarian in Vardar Macedonia. During the period of Bulgarian National Revival many Christians from Macedonia supported the struggle for creation of Bulgarian cultural, educational and religious institutions, including Bulgarian schools that used the version of Cyrillic adopted by other Bulgarians. The majority of the intellectual and political leaders of the Macedonian Bulgarians used this version of the Cyrillic script, which was also changed in the 19th and early 20th century. At the end of 1879 Despot Badžović published the 'Alphabet Book for Serbo-Macedonian Primary Schools' written on "Serbo-Macedonian dialect".
The latter half of the 19th century saw increasing literacy and political activity amongst speakers of Macedonian dialects, and an increasing number of documents were written in the dialects. At the time, transcriptions of Macedonian used Cyrillic with adaptations drawing from Old Church Slavonic, Serbian and Bulgarian, depending on the preference of the writer.
Early attempts to formalize written Macedonian included Krste Misirkov's book "On Macedonian Matters". Misirkov used the Cyrillic script with several adaptations for Macedonian:
- i ;
- л' ;
- н' ;
- г' ;
- к' ; and
- ѕ.
From the Balkan Wars of 1912/13, and the end of the Second World War, today North Macedonia was part of Serbia and occasionally of Bulgaria, and standard Serbian and Bulgarian were the official languages. The Serbian and Bulgarian authorities considered Macedonian to be a dialect of Serbian or Bulgarian respectively, and according to some authors proscribed its use.. However, some books in Macedonian dialects were published in Bulgaria, some texts in Macedonian dialect were published in Yugoslavia in the 1920s and 1930s as well.
Standardization
At the end of WWII this territory was incorporated into the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, the Yugoslav authorities recognized a distinct Macedonian ethnic identity and language. The Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia formed the "Commission for the Establishment of the Macedonian Language, Alphabet and Orthography", to standardize Macedonian and its alphabet.ASNOM rejected the first commission's recommendations, and formed a second commission, whose recommendations were accepted. The commissions' recommendations were strongly influenced by the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and by the works of Krste Misirkov.
The First Commission
The first commission met from November 27, 1944 to December 4, 1944, and was composed of prominent Macedonian academics and writers. The committee chose the dialects of Veles, Prilep and Bitola as the basis for the literary language, and proposed a Cyrillic alphabet. The first commission's recommendation was for the alphabet to use- the Serbian Ј and Џ;
- the Old Church Slavonic Ѕ;
- the Old Church Slavonic Ъ
- Venko Markovski's versions of Љ, Њ, Ќ and Ѓ.
While some Macedonian dialects contain a clear phonemic schwa and used a Bulgarian-style Ъ, according to some opinions the western dialectson which the literary language is baseddo not. Blaže Koneski objected to the inclusion of the Big Yer on the basis that since there was no Big Yer in the literary language, there was no need for it to be represented in the alphabet. By excluding it from the alphabet, speakers of schwa-dialects would more rapidly adapt to the standard dialect. On the other hand, opponents of Koneski indicatеd that this phoneme is distributed among the western Macedonian dialects too and a letter Ъ should be included in the standardized at that time literary language.
The Second Commission
The second language commission worked in March 1945. It included Vojislav Ilic, Vasil Iloski, Blaze Koneski, Venko Markovski, Mirko Pavlovski and Krum Toshev. Radovan Zagovic and Milovan Djilas from Belgrade intervened in the commission's work. Previously, the activists of the YCP asked for support from the USSR and the BCP on the occasion of the new convened commission, whose task was predetermined - to adopt a new alphabet based on the Serbian alphabet. The second commission borrowed almost entirely the Serbian.The Third Commission and adoption
With the rejection of the first commission's draft alphabet, ASNOM convened a new commission with five members from the first commission and five new members. Vasil Iloski, Blazhe Koneski, Venko Markovski, Mirko Pavlovski and Krum Toshev remained from the old commission. The new members were Kiro Hadjivasilev, Vlado Maleski, Iliya Topalovski, Gustav Vlahov and Ivan Mazov. Voting to keep or remove the letter Ъ led to an equal number of votes, but it was removed. On May 3, 1945, the second commission presented its recommendations, which were accepted by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that same day, and published in Nova Makedonija, the official newspaper.The commission's recommendations were:
- acceptance of Serbian Ј and Џ;
- acceptance of Old Church Slavonic Ѕ;
- adoption of Serbian Љ and Њ, which were similar in appearance to Markovski's proposed letters;
- creation and adoption of Ќ and Ѓ ; and
- rejection of Old Church Slavonic Ъ.