Ma Rainey
Gertrude "Ma" Rainey was an American blues singer and influential early-blues recording artist. Dubbed the "Mother of the Blues", she bridged earlier vaudeville and the authentic expression of southern blues, influencing a generation of blues singers. Rainey was known for her powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a "moaning" style of singing. Her qualities are present and most evident in her early recordings "Bo-Weevil Blues" and "Moonshine Blues".
Gertrude Pridgett began performing as a teenager and became known as "Ma" Rainey after her marriage to Will "Pa" Rainey in 1904. They toured with the The [Rabbit's Foot Company|Rabbit Foot Minstrels] and later formed their own group, Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues. Her first recording was made in 1923. In the following five years, she made over 100 recordings, including "Bo-Weevil Blues", "Moonshine Blues", "See See Rider Blues", the blues standard "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom", and "Soon This Morning".
Rainey also collaborated with Thomas Dorsey, Tampa Red, and Louis Armstrong, and toured and recorded with the Georgia Jazz Band. Touring until 1935, she then largely retired from performing and continued as a theater impresario in her hometown of Columbus, Georgia, until her death four years later. She has been posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, as well as the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rainey has been portrayed in several films including the 2020 Academy Award-winning film Ma Rainey's Black Bottom. In 2023, she was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Early life
There is uncertainty about the birth date of Gertrude Pridgett. Some sources indicate that she was born in 1882, while most sources assert that she was born on April 26, 1886. Pridgett claimed to have been born on April 26, 1886, in Columbus, Georgia. However, the 1900 census indicates that she was born in September 1882 in Alabama, and researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc suggest that her birthplace was in Russell County, Alabama. She was the second of five children of Thomas and Ella Pridgett, from Alabama. She had at least two brothers and a sister, Malissa Pridgett Nix.In February 1904, Ma Rainey married William "Pa" Rainey. She took on the stage name "Ma Rainey", which was "a play on her husband's nickname, 'Pa.
Early career
Pridgett began her career as a performer at a talent show in Columbus, Georgia, when she was approximately 12 to 14 years old. A member of the First African Baptist Church, she began performing in black minstrel shows. She later claimed that she was first exposed to blues music around 1902. She formed the Alabama Fun Makers Company with her husband, Will Rainey, but in 1906 they both joined Pat Chappelle's much larger and more popular Rabbit's Foot Company, where they were billed together as "Black Face Song and Dance Comedians, Jubilee Singers Cake Walkers". In 1910, she was described as "Mrs. Gertrude Rainey, our coon shouter". She continued with the Rabbit's Foot Company after it was taken over by a new owner, F. S. Wolcott, in 1912.Rainey said she found "Blues Music" when she was in Missouri one night performing, and a girl introduced her to a sad song about a man leaving a woman. Rainey said she learned the lyrics of the song and added it to her performances.
Rainey claimed she created the term "blues" when asked what kind of song she was singing.
Beginning in 1914, the Raineys were billed as Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues. Wintering in New Orleans, she met numerous musicians, including Joe "King" Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet and Pops Foster. As the popularity of blues music increased, she became well known. Around this time, she met Bessie Smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name for herself. A story later developed that Rainey kidnapped Smith, forced her to join the Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, and taught her to sing the blues; the story was disputed by Smith's sister-in-law Maud Smith.
Recording career
From the late 1910s, there was an increasing demand for recordings by black musicians. In 1920, Mamie Smith was the first black woman to be recorded. In 1923, Rainey was discovered by Paramount Records producer J. Mayo Williams. She signed a recording contract with Paramount, and in December she made her first eight recordings in Chicago, including "Bad Luck Blues", "Bo-Weevil Blues" and "Moonshine Blues". She made more than 100 other recordings over the next five years, which brought her fame beyond the South. Paramount marketed her extensively, calling her the "Mother of the Blues", the "Songbird of the South", the "Gold-Neck Woman of the Blues" and the "Paramount Wildcat".In 1924, Rainey recorded with Louis Armstrong, including on "Jelly Bean Blues", "Countin' the Blues" and "See, See Rider". In the same year, she embarked on a tour of the Theater Owners Booking Association in the South and Midwest of the United States, singing for black and white audiences. She was accompanied by the bandleader and pianist Thomas Dorsey and the band he assembled, the Wildcats Jazz Band. They began their tour with an appearance in Chicago in April 1924 and continued, on and off, until 1928. Dorsey left the group in 1926 because of ill health and was replaced as pianist by Lillian Hardaway Henderson, the wife of Rainey's cornetist Fuller Henderson, who became the band's leader.
Although most of Rainey's songs that mention sexuality refer to love affairs with men, some of her lyrics contain references to lesbianism or bisexuality, such as the 1928 song "Prove It on Me":
They said I do it, ain't nobody caught me.
Sure got to prove it on me.
Went out last night with a crowd of my friends.
They must've been women, 'cause I don't like no men.
It's true I wear a collar and tie.
Makes the wind blow all the while.
According to the Queer Cultural Center's website, the lyrics refer to an incident in 1925 in which Rainey was "arrested for taking part in an orgy at home involving women in her chorus". The political activist and scholar Angela Y. Davis noted that Prove It on Me' is a cultural precursor to the lesbian cultural movement of the 1970s, which began to crystallize around the performance and recording of lesbian-affirming songs." At the time, an ad for the song embraced the genderbending outlined in the lyrics and featured Rainey in a three-piece suit, mingling with women while a police officer lurks nearby.
Unlike many blues singers of her day, Rainey wrote at least a third of the songs she sang including many of her most famous works such as "Moonshine Blues" and "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" which would become standards of the "classic blues" genre.
Throughout the 1920s, Ma Rainey had a reputation for being one of the most dynamic performers in the United States due in large part to her songwriting, showmanship and voice. She and her band could fetch earnings of $350 a week on tour with the Theater Owners Booking Association, which was double that of Bessie Brown|Bessie Brown and George Williams] while a little over half what Bessie Smith would ultimately command.
Toward the end of the 1920s, live vaudeville went into decline, being replaced by radio and recordings. Ma Rainey and Pa Rainey adopted a son named Danny who later joined his parents' musical act. Rainey developed a relationship with Bessie Smith. They became so close that rumors circulated that their relationship was possibly also romantic in nature. It was also rumored that Smith once bailed Ma Rainey out of jail.
The Raineys separated in 1916.
In 1930, Rainey released her hit single "Black Eye Blues," which recounted the fictional story of Miss Nancy, a woman who was brutalized by her husband's violence and infidelity.
In 1935, Rainey returned to her home town, Columbus, Georgia, and became the proprietress of three theaters, the Liberty in Columbus, and the Lyric and the Airdrome in Rome, Georgia, until her death. She died of a heart attack in 1939.
Legacy and honors
Ma Rainey created what is now known as "classic blues" while also portraying black life like never before. As a musical innovator she built on the minstrelsy and vaudeville performative traditions with comedic timing and a hybrid of American blues traditions she encountered in her vast tours across the country. She helped to pioneer a genre that appealed to North and South, rural and urban audiences.Her signature low and gravelly voice sung with Rainey's gusto and authoritative style inspired imitators from Louis Armstrong, Janis Joplin and Bonnie Raitt among others.
In her lyrics, Rainey portrayed the black female experience like few others of the time reflecting a wide range of emotions and experiences. In her 1999 book Blues Legacies and Black Feminism, Angela Davis wrote that Rainey's songs are full of women who "explicitly celebrate their right to conduct themselves as expansively and even as undesirably as men". In her songs, she and other black women sleep around for revenge, drink and party all night and generally live lives that "transgressed these ideas of white middle class female respectability". The portrayals of black female sexuality, including those bucking heteronormative standards, fought ideas of what a woman should be and inspired Alice Walker in developing her characters for The Color Purple. Bragging about sexual escapades was popular in men's songs at the time but her use of these themes in her works established her as both fiercely independent and fearless and many have drawn connections between her use of these themes and their modern use in Hip-Hop.
Rainey was also a fashion icon who pioneered flashy, expensive costuming in her performances, wearing ostrich plumes, satin gowns, sequins, gold necklaces, diamond tiaras, and gold teeth.
Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. In 1994, the U.S. Post Office issued a 29-cent commemorative postage stamp honoring her. In 2004, "See See Rider Blues" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and was added to the National Recording Registry by the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress.
A small museum dedicated to Ma Rainey opened in Columbus in 2007, in the house that she had built for her mother and later lived in from 1935 until her death in 1939.
The first annual Ma Rainey International Blues Festival was held in April 2016 in Columbus, Georgia, near the home that Rainey owned and lived in at the time of her death. In 2017, the Rainey-McCullers School of the Arts opened in Columbus, Georgia, named in honor of Rainey and author Carson McCullers.
In 2023, she was awarded a posthumous Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The announcement noted her "deep voice and mesmerizing stage presence" and that she, "recorded almost 100 records, many of them national hits that are now part of the American musical canon".
In popular culture
Sterling A. Brown wrote the poem "Ma Rainey" in 1932, about how "When Ma Rainey / comes to town" people everywhere would hear her sing. In 1981, Sandra Lieb wrote the first full-length book about Rainey, Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey.Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, a 1982 play by August Wilson, is a fictionalized account of a recording of her song of the same title set in 1927. Theresa Merritt and Whoopi Goldberg starred as Rainey in the Original and Revival Broadway productions, respectively. Viola Davis portrayed Rainey in the 2020 film adaptation of the play and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.
Mo'Nique played Rainey in the 2015 television film Bessie about the life of Bessie Smith, for which she earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.
Discography
- 1923-28 - Mother Of The Blues
- 1923-24 - Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order Vol.1
- 1924-25 - Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order Vol.2
- 1925-26 - Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order Vol.3
- 1926-27 - Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order Vol.4
- 1928-00 - Complete 1928 Sessions Chronological Order Vol.4 "
Lovie AustinBlues Serenaders 12215 Non-blues A 5581 14 1704 1924/03 "Lucky Rock Blues" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders12215 Mixture of blues and popular song forms A 5581 15 1741 1924/04 "South Bound Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12227 Non-blues A 5581 16 1758 1924/05 "Lawd Send Me a Man Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12227 Non-blues A 5581 17 1759 1924/05 "Ma Rainey's Mystery Record" Lovie Austin
Blues Serenaders12200 Twelve-bar blues A 5581 18 1824 1924/08 "Shave 'Em Dry Blues" The Pruitt Twins 12222 Eight-bar blues B 5581 19 1825 1924/08 "Farewell Daddy Blues" The Pruitt Twins 12222 Twelve-bar blues B 5581 20 1922 1924/10 "Booze and Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12242 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 21 1923 1924/10 "Toad Frog Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12242 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 22 1924 1924/10 "Jealous Hearted Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12252 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 - 23 1925 1924/10 "See See Rider Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12252 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582 With Louis Armstrong; another take on JSP & DOCD 24 1926 1924/10 "Jelly Bean Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12238 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582 With Louis Armstrong 25 1927 1924/10 "Countin' the Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12238 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 With Louis Armstrong; another take on JSP & DOCD 26 10001 1924/11 "Cell Bound Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12257 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582 27 2136 1925/05 "Army Camp Harmony Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12284 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on JSP & DOCD 28 2137 1925/05 "Explaining the Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12284 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on JSP & DOCD 29 2138 1925/05 "Louisiana Hoo Doo Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12290 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 30 2138 1925/05 "Goodbye Daddy Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12290 Mixture of blues and popular song forms B 5582 31 2209 1925/05 "Stormy Seas Blues" Her Georgia Band 12295 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on DOCD5625 32 2210 1925/08 "Rough and Tumble Blues" Her Georgia Band 12311 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 33 2211 1925/08 "Night Time Blues" Her Georgia Band 12303 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 Another take on JSP & DOCD 34 2212 1925/08 "Levee Camp Moan" Her Georgia Band 12295 Non-blues B 5582 35 2213 1925/08 "Four Day Honorary Scat" Her Georgia Band 12303 Non-blues B 5582 Misprint for "'Fore Day"; another take on JSP & DOCD 36 2214 1925/08 "Memphis Bound Blues" Her Georgia Band 12311 Twelve-bar blues B 5582 37 2369 1925/12 "Slave to the Blues" Her Georgia Band 12332 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 38 2370 1925/12 "Yonder Come the Blues" Her Georgia Band 12357 Non-blues C 5583 39 2371 1925/12 "Titanic Man Blues" Her Georgia Band 12374 Mixture of blues and popular song forms C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD 40 2372 1925/12 "Chain Gang Blues" Her Georgia Band 12338 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 41 2373 1925/12 "Bessemer Bound Blues" Her Georgia Jazz Band 12374 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD 42 2374 1925/12 "Oh My Babe Blues" Her Georgia Band 12332 Non-blues C 5583 43 2375 1925/12 "Wringing and Twisting Blues" Her Georgia Band 12338 Non-blues C 5583 44 2369 1925/12 "Stack O'Lee Blues" Her Georgia Band 12357 Ballad C 5583 45 2448 1926/03 "Broken Hearted Blues" Her Georgia Band 12364 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 Another take on DOCD5625 46 2451 1926/03 "Jealousy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12364 Non-blues C 5583 Another take on DOCD5660 47 2452 1926/03 "Seeking Blues" Her Georgia Band 12352 Mixture of blues and popular song forms C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD 48 2466 1926/03 "Mountain Jack Blues" Jimmy Blythe 12352 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 Another take on JSP & DOCD 49 2627 1926/06 "Down in the Basement" Her Georgia Band 12395 Non-blues C 5583 50 2628 1926/06 "Sissy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12384 Twelve-bar blues C 5583 51 2629 1926/06 "Broken Soul Blues" Her Georgia Band 12384 Non-blues C 5583 52 2631 1926/06 "Trust No Man" Lillian Henderson 12395 Non-blues C 5583 53 405 1926/11 "Morning Hour Blues" Jimmy Blythe
Blind Blake12455 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 54 407 1926/11 "Weepin' Woman Blues" Her Georgia Boys 12455 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 55 408 1926/11 "Soon This Morning" Her Georgia Band 12438 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 56 4019 1926/12 "Little Low Mamma Blues" Blind Blake
possibly Leroy Picket12419 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 57 4020 1926/12 "Grievin Hearted Blues" Blind Blake
possibly Leroy Picket12419 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584 58 4021 1926/12 "Don't Fish in My Sea" Jimmy Blythe 12438 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 59 4082 1927/08 "Big Boy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12548 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 60 4083 1927/08 "Blues Oh Blues" Her Georgia Band 12566 Non-blues D 5584 61 4090 1927/08 "Damper Down Blues" Her Georgia Band 12548 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 62 4091 1927/08 "Gone Daddy Blues" Her Georgia Band 12526 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584 63 4092 1927/08 "Oh Papa Blues" Her Georgia Band 12566 Non-blues D 5584 64 4707 1927/08 "Misery Blues" Her Georgia Band 12508 Non-blues D 5584 65 4708 1927/08 "Dead Drunk Blues" Her Georgia Band 12508 Twelve-bar blues D 5584 66 4709 1927/08 "Slow Driving Moan" Her Georgia Band 12526 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584 67 20228 1927/12 "Blues the World Forgot—Part 1" Her Georgia Band 12647 Comedy D 5584 68 20229 1927/12 "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" Her Georgia Band 12590 Non-blues D 5584 69 20230 1927/12 "Blues the World Forgot—Part 2" Her Georgia Band 12647 Comedy D 5584 70 20231 1927/12 "Hellish Rag" Her Georgia Band 12612 Non-blues D 5584 71 20232 1927/12 "Georgia Cake Walk" Her Georgia Band 12590 Comedy D 5584 72 20233 1927/12 "New Bo-Weavil Blues" Her Georgia Band 12603 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584 73 20232 1927/12 "Moonshine Blues" Her Georgia Band 12603 Mixture of blues and popular song forms D 5584 74 20233 1927/12 "Ice Bag Papa" Her Georgia Band 12612 Non-blues D 5584 75 20661 1928/06 "Black Cat Hoot Owl Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12687 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom 76 20662 1928/06 "Log Camp Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12804 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom 77 20663 1928/06 "Hear Me Talking to You" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12668 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom 78 20664 1928/06 "Hustlin' Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12804 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom 79 20665 1928/06 "Prove It on Me Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12668 Non-blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom 80 20666 1928/06 "Victim of the Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12687 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom 81 20667 1928/06 "Traveling Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12707 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom; another take on JSP and DOCD5216 82 20668 1928/06 "Deep Moaning Blues Blues" Her Tub Jug Washboard Band 12707 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Band led by Georgia Tom
another take on JSP & DOCD83 20878 1928/09 "Daddy Goodbye Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12963 Eight-bar blues E 5156 84 20879 1928/09 "Sleep Talking Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12760 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Another take on JSP & DOCD 85 20880 1928/09 "Tough Luck Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12735 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 86 20881 1928/09 "Blame It on the Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12760 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 87 20882 1928/09 "Sweet Rough Man" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12926 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 88 20883 1928/09 "Runaway Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12902 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 89 20885 1928/09 "Screech Owl Blues" Eddie Miller 12735 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 90 20886 1928/09 "Black Dust Blues" Eddie Miller 12926 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 91 20897 1928/09 "Leaving This Morning" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12902 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 92 20898 1928/09 "Black Eye Blues" Georgia Tom Dorsey
Tampa Red12963 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 Another take on JSP & DOCD 93 20921 1928/10 "Ma and Pa Poorhouse Blues" Papa Charlie Jackson 12718 Twelve-bar blues E 5156 94 20144 1928/10 "Big Feeling Blues" Papa Charlie Jackson 12718 Twelve-bar blues E 5156