List of human cell types


The list of human cell types provides an enumeration and description of the various specialized cells found within the human body, highlighting their distinct functions, characteristics, and contributions to overall physiological processes. Cells may be classified by their physiological function, histology, lineage, or gene expression.

Total number of cells

The adult human body is estimated to contain about 30 to 40 trillion human cells, with the number varying between 20 and 100 trillion depending on factors such as sex, age, and weight. Additionally, there are approximately an equal number of bacterial cells. The exact count of human cells has not yet been empirically measured in its entirety and is estimated using different approaches based on smaller samples of empirical observation. It is generally assumed that these cells share features with each other and thus may be organized as belonging to a smaller number of types.

Classification

As a definition of "cell type" is yet to be agreed, it is not possible yet to arrive at a precise number of human cell types. There is, for example, significant variation in these cell types depending on the specific surface proteins they possess.
An extensive listing of human cell types was published by Vickaryous and Hall in 2006, collecting 411 different types of human cells, including 145 types of neurons.
The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types and sub-types in the human body". By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the human body is limited", but the word hundreds was removed in later versions.
On 2021, Stephen Quake guessed that the upper limit of the number of human cell types would be around 6000, based on a reasoning that "if biologists had discovered only 5% of cell types in the human body, then the upper limit of cell types to discover is somewhere around 6000."
Other different efforts have used different numbers. A count of cells in the human body published in 2023 divided the cells in about 400 types to perform the calculation.
Cell type% cell count
Erythrocytes 84.0
Platelets4.9
Bone marrow cells2.5
Vascular endothelial cells2.1
Lymphocytes1.5
Hepatocytes0.8
Neurons and glia0.6
Bronchial endothelial cells0.5
Epidermal cells0.5
Respiratory interstitial cells0.5
Adipocytes 0.2
Dermal fibroblasts0.1
Muscle cells0.001
Other cells2.0

In 1996, scientists revealed a 'map' of 16,000 human genes. This led to estimates that humans likely had around 100,000 genes. However, actual sequencing did not start before around 1999, and it was not until 2003 that the first complete draft of a human genome revealed that there were roughly 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes, as most DNA does not code for any protein. It is difficult to say that there have not been similar mistakes when estimating how many cells humans have as there are still substantial gaps in understanding human cells.

Efforts to characterize all human cell types

Several efforts have been made to make a list or a map of all human cells. One of the largest and most recent is the HuBMAP.
The HuBMAP project has organized 1551 different samples in 17 collections, each dedicated to a different system. However, this project still only mapped about 31 of the human bodies' 70 organs. Their datasets and visualisations place great emphasis on biomarkers and location in the body, but less on cell development and how cells can change over time. Usually specific surface proteins are used to identify cells, and based on this they are put into different categories.
Another major effort to make an overview of these proteins that allows us to observe cell types is the Human Protein Atlas.
A similar project, the Human Brain Project has also attempted to map the human brain, although much of the publicly accessible model does not have cellular resolution.

Standards and naming conventions

So far not all cells which can be found in the human body have been documented. There is no good way to make the experiment where one checks if all cell types identified so far could be taken from and measured in a single donor, proving that the cell types are universal to all humans. This is partly due to a lack of standards, as scientists are still not entirely sure what is needed to measure, in order to capture every cell type which can be found.
Some attempts have been made – and some are still in progress– for creating standards for identifying cells consistently. The Cell Ontology provides arguably the most comprehensive metadata standard to date, cataloging over 2500 cell classes and being used actively by the Human Cell Atlas community.
There is still no standard which is used industry wide, nor any definitions which have been accepted by the wider scientific community, often making it difficult to say whether some collected and observed cells are really one or multiple types of cells. This lack of standards makes it difficult to estimate how many cell types and how many cells of each type can be found in the human body, as well as difficult to predict which young cells one would need to develop with mature cells. The list in this article also contains inconsistencies due to multiple sources using different conventions.

List of human cell types

Cell typeDevelops fromTissue of origin FunctionGroupSubgroupGerm layer of originBiomarkers-
Brunner's gland cellcrypt basal stem cellsin duodenum, duodenal submucosaenzyme and alkaline mucus secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Insulated goblet cellrespiratory and digestive tractsmucus secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Foveolar cellstomachmucus secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Chief cellstomachpepsinogen secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Parietal cellstomachhydrochloric acid secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Pancreatic acinar cellpancreasbicarbonate and digestive enzyme secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Paneth cellsmall intestineantimicrobial secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Type II pneumocytelungssurfactant secretionExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Club celllungslysozyme secretion and lung detoxificationExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEndoderm-
Type I pneumocytelungsformation of the Blood–air–barrierBarrier cellEndoderm-
Gall bladder epithelial cellgall bladderBarrier cellEndoderm-
Centroacinar cellpancreasbicarbonate and mucin secretionBarrier cellEndoderm-
Intestinal brush border cell secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
I cellcholecystokinin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
G cellgastrin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
Enterochromaffin cellserotonin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
Enterochromaffin-like cellhistamine secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
N cellneurotensin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
S cellsecretin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
D cellsomatostatin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
Mo cell motilin secretionHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
other hormones secreted: vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin, bombesinHormone-secreting cellsEndodermEnteroendocrine cell-
Thyroid epithelial cellThyroid gland cellsHormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Parafollicular cellThyroid gland cellsHormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Parathyroid chief cellParathyroid gland cellsHormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Oxyphil cellParathyroid gland cellsHormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Alpha cellglucagon secretionPancreatic islets Hormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Beta cellinsulin and amylin secretionPancreatic islets Hormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Delta cellsomatostatin secretionPancreatic islets Hormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Epsilon cellghrelin secretionPancreatic islets Hormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
PP cell pancreatic polypeptide secretionPancreatic islets Hormone-secreting cellsEndoderm-
Salivary gland mucous cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Salivary gland serous cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Von Ebner's gland cellin tongueExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Mammary gland cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Lacrimal gland cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Ceruminous gland cellin earExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Eccrine sweat gland dark cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Eccrine sweat gland clear cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Apocrine sweat gland cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Gland of Moll cell in eyelidExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Sebaceous gland cellExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
Bowman's gland cellin noseExocrine secretory epithelial cellsEctoderm-
CorticotropesHormone-secreting cellsAnterior/Intermediate pituitary cellsEctoderm-
GonadotropesHormone-secreting cellsAnterior/Intermediate pituitary cellsEctoderm-
LactotropesHormone-secreting cellsAnterior/Intermediate pituitary cellsEctoderm-
MelanotropesHormone-secreting cellsAnterior/Intermediate pituitary cellsEctoderm-
SomatotropesHormone-secreting cellsAnterior/Intermediate pituitary cellsEctoderm-
ThyrotropesHormone-secreting cellsAnterior/Intermediate pituitary cellsEctoderm-
Magnocellular neurosecretory cellssecrete oxytocin and vasopressinHormone-secreting cellsEctoderm-
Parvocellular neurosecretory cellssecrete thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, oxytocin, neurotensin, and prolactinHormone-secreting cellsEctoderm-
Chromaffin cells Hormone-secreting cellsEctoderm-
KeratinocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Epidermal basal cell Epithelial cellsEctoderm-
MelanocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
TrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Medullary hair shaft cellTrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Cortical hair shaft cellTrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Cuticular hair shaft cellTrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Huxley's layer hair root sheath cellTrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Henle's layer hair root sheath cellTrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Outer root sheath hair cellTrichocyteEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Surface epithelial cellcornea, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity, distal anal canal, distal urethra, and distal vaginaEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
basal cell cornea, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity, distal anal canal, distal urethra, and distal vaginaEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Striated duct cellEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
Lactiferous duct cellEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
AmeloblastEpithelial cellsEctoderm-
OdontoblastOral cellsEctoderm-
CementoblastOral cellsEctoderm--
Auditory inner hair cells of organ of CortiSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Auditory outer hair cells of organ of CortiSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Basal cells of olfactory epitheliumSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Cold-sensitive primary sensory neuronsSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Heat-sensitive primary sensory neuronsSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Merkel cells of epidermisSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Olfactory receptor neuronsSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Pain-sensitive primary sensory neuronsSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Photoreceptor rod cellsSensory transducer cellsPhotoreceptor cells of retina in eyeEctoderm-
Photoreceptor blue-sensitive cone cells of eyeSensory transducer cellsPhotoreceptor cells of retina in eyeEctoderm-
Photoreceptor green-sensitive cone cells of eyeSensory transducer cellsPhotoreceptor cells of retina in eyeEctoderm-
Photoreceptor red-sensitive cone cells of eyeSensory transducer cellsPhotoreceptor cells of retina in eyeEctoderm-
Proprioceptive primary sensory neuronsSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Touch-sensitive primary sensory neuronsSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Chemoreceptor glomus cells of carotid body cellSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Outer hair cells of vestibular system of earSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Inner hair cells of vestibular system of earSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Taste receptor cells of taste budSensory transducer cellsEctoderm-
Cholinergic neurons Autonomic neuron cellsEctoderm-
Adrenergic neural cells Autonomic neuron cellsEctoderm-
Peptidergic neural cells Autonomic neuron cellsEctoderm-
Inner pillar cells of organ of CortiSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Outer pillar cells of the organ of CortiSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Inner phalangeal cells of organ of CortiSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Outer phalangeal cells of organ of CortiSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Border cells of organ of CortiSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Hensen's cells of organ of CortiSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Vestibular apparatus supporting cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Taste bud supporting cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Olfactory epithelium supporting cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Olfactory ensheathing cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Schwann cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Satellite glial cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Enteric glial cellsSense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cellsEctoderm-
Basket cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Cartwheel cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Stellate cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Golgi cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Granule cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Lugaro cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-

  • Unipolar brush cells
Central nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Martinotti cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Chandelier cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Cajal–Retzius cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Double-bouquet cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Neurogliaform cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Retina horizontal cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneuronsEctoderm-
Starburst amacrine cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneurons - > Amacrine cellsEctoderm-
Renshaw cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronInterneurons - >Spinal interneuronsEctoderm-
Spindle neuronsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cellsEctoderm-
Fork cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cellsEctoderm-
Place cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cells-> Pyramidal cellsEctoderm-
Grid cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cells-> Pyramidal cellsEctoderm-
Speed cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cells-> Pyramidal cellsEctoderm-
Head direction cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cells-> Pyramidal cellsEctoderm-
Betz cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cells-> Pyramidal cellsEctoderm-
Boundary cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cells->Stellate cellsEctoderm-
Bushy cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cellsEctoderm-
Purkinje cellsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cellsEctoderm-
Medium spiny neuronsCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsNeuronPrincipal cellsEctoderm-
AstrocytesCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsEctoderm-
OligodendrocytesCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsEctoderm-
TanycytesCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsEpendymal cellsEctoderm-
PituicytesCentral nervous system neurons and glial cellsEctoderm-
Anterior lens epithelial cellLens cellsEctoderm-
Crystallin-containing lens fiber cellLens cellsEctoderm-
White fat cellRight atrium, atrioventricular junction, left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, epicardiumMyocardium, atriventricular nodeMetabolism and storage cellsAdipocytesMesodermFASN, GPAM, LEP,-
Brown fat cellAdipocytesMesoderm-
Liver lipocyteAdipocytesMesoderm-
Cells of the Zona glomerulosaproduce mineralocorticoidsSecretory cellsCells of the adrenal cortexMesoderm-
Cells of the Zona fasciculataproduce glucocorticoidsSecretory cellsCells of the adrenal cortexMesoderm-
Cells of the zona reticularisproduce androgensSecretory cellsCells of the adrenal cortexMesoderm-
Theca interna cellovarian folliclesecreting estrogenSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Corpus luteum cellruptured ovarian folliclesecreting progesteroneSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Granulosa lutein cellsruptured ovarian follicleSecretory cellsCorpus luteum cellMesoderm-
Theca lutein cellsruptured ovarian follicleSecretory cellsCorpus luteum cellMesoderm-
Leydig celltestessecreting testosteroneSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Seminal vesicle cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Prostate gland cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Bulbourethral gland cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Bartholin's gland cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Gland of Littré cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Uterus endometrium cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Juxtaglomerular cellSecretory cellsMesoderm-
Macula densa cellkidneySecretory cellsMesoderm-
Peripolar cellkidneySecretory cellsMesoderm-
Mesangial cellkidneySecretory cellsMesoderm-
Parietal epithelial cellUrinary systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
PodocyteUrinary systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Proximal tubule brush border cellUrinary systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Loop of Henle thin segment cellUrinary systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Kidney distal tubule cellUrinary systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Principal cellUrinary systemBarrier cellsKidney collecting duct cellMesoderm-
Intercalated cellUrinary systemEpithelial / Barrier cellsKidney collecting duct cellMesoderm-
Transitional epitheliumurinary bladderUrinary systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Duct cellseminal vesicle, prostate gland, and similarReproductive systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Efferent ducts cellReproductive systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Epididymal principal cellReproductive systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Epididymal basal cellReproductive systemBarrier cellsMesoderm-
Endothelial cellscirculatory systemBarrier cellsMesodermABCC9, KCNJ8, RGS5-
Planum semilunar epithelial cell of vestibular system of earExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Organ of Corti interdental epithelial cellExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Loose connective tissue fibroblastsExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Corneal fibroblastsExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Tendon fibroblastsExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblastsExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Other nonepithelial fibroblastsExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Hepatic stellate cell liverExtracellular matrix cellsPericyteMesoderm-
Nucleus pulposus cellintervertebral discExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Hyaline cartilage chondrocyteExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Fibrocartilage chondrocyteExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Elastic cartilage chondrocyteExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Osteoblast/osteocyteExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Osteoprogenitor cellExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Hyalocytevitreous body of eyeExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Stellate cellExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Pancreatic stellate cellExtracellular matrix cellsMesoderm-
Red skeletal muscle cell Contractile cellsSkeletal muscle cellsMesoderm-
White skeletal muscle cell Contractile cellsSkeletal muscle cellsMesoderm-
Intermediate skeletal muscle cellContractile cellsSkeletal muscle cellsMesoderm-
Nuclear bag cellmuscle spindleContractile cellsSkeletal muscle cellsMesoderm-
Nuclear chain cellmuscle spindleContractile cellsSkeletal muscle cellsMesoderm-
Myosatellite cell Contractile cellsSkeletal muscle cellsMesoderm-
Cardiac muscle cellContractile cellsCardiac muscle cellsMesoderm-
SA node cellContractile cellsCardiac muscle cellsMesoderm-
Purkinje fiber cellContractile cellsCardiac muscle cellsMesoderm-
Smooth muscle cell irisContractile cellsMesoderm-
Myoepithelial cellexocrine glandsContractile cellsMesoderm-
Erythrocyte erythroblastsBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
MegakaryocyteBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Platelets if considered distinct cells, currently there's debate on the subject.Blood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Monocyte Blood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Connective tissue macrophage Blood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Epidermal Langerhans cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Osteoclastin boneBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Dendritic cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Microglial cellcentral nervous systemBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Neutrophil granulocytemyeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyteBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Eosinophil granulocytemyeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyteBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Basophil granulocytemyeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyteBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Mast cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Helper T cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Regulatory T cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Cytotoxic T cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Natural killer T cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
B cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Plasma cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Natural killer cellBlood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Hematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and immune system Blood and immune system cellsMesoderm-
Oogonium/oocyteGerm cellsMesoderm-
SpermatidGerm cellsMesoderm-
SpermatocyteGerm cellsMesoderm-
Spermatogonium cellGerm cellsMesoderm-
SpermatozoonGerm cellsMesoderm-
Granulosa cellIn the ovariesNurse cellsMesoderm-
Sertoli cellIn the testisNurse cellsMesoderm-
Epithelial reticular cellIn the thymusNurse cellsMesoderm-
Interstitial kidney cellsKidneyInterstitial cellsMesoderm-