List of galaxies

There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in all of the observable universe.
On the order of 100,000 galaxies make up the Local Supercluster, and about 51 galaxies are in the Local Group.
The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s, with the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15, listing 30,642. In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list: launched in July 2007, it has classified over one million galaxy images from The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The Hubble Space Telescope and the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.

Named galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

Image	Galaxy	Constellation	Origin of name	Notes
	Alcyoneus	Lynx		A low-exitation, Fanaroff and Riley Class II radio galaxy, one of the largest discovered.
	Andromeda I	Andromeda	Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda	Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy. It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to M31 at an estimated projected distance of ~40 kpc or ~150,000 light-years.
	Andromeda Galaxy	Andromeda	Andromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.	Andromeda is the closest big galaxy to the Milky Way and is expected to collide with the Milky Way around 4.5 billion years from now. The two will eventually merge into a single new galaxy called Milkdromeda According to simulations, this object would probably be a giant elliptical galaxy, but with a centre showing less stellar density than current elliptical galaxies.
	Ambartsumian's Knot	Ursa Major	Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot	NGC 3561, also known as Arp 105, is a pair of interacting galaxies NGC 3561A and NGC 3561B within the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 in Ursa Major. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 30 March 1827. Its common name is "the Guitar" and contains a small tidal dwarf galaxy known as Ambartsumian's Knot that is believed to be the remnant of the extensive tidal tail pulled out of one of the galaxies.
	Antennae Galaxies	Corvus	Appearance is similar to an insect's antennae.	Two colliding galaxies
	Backward Galaxy	Centaurus	It appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.
	Barnard's Galaxy		Named after Edward Emerson Barnard.
	Bear Paw Galaxy	Lynx	It resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.	Also known as "Bear Claw Galaxy."
	Black Eye Galaxy	Coma Berenices	It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.	Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."
	Blinking Galaxy	Serpens	Its difficulty of viewing in a small telescope and tendency to go in and out of view.	-
	Bode's Galaxy	Ursa Major	Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.	Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in the M81 Group. It harbors a supermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.
	Butterfly Galaxies	Virgo	Looks are similar to a butterfly.
	Cartwheel Galaxy	Sculptor	Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.	The largest in the Cartwheel Galaxy group, made up of four spiral galaxies
	Cigar Galaxy	Ursa Major	Appears similar in shape to a cigar.	Also known as Messier 82 or M82
	Circinus Galaxy	Circinus	Named after the constellation it is located in.
	Cocoon Galaxy	Canes Venatici	Its resemblance in shape to a cocoon
	Coma Pinwheel Galaxy	Coma Berenices	Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.	Also known as Messier 99 or M99
	Comet Galaxy	Sculptor	This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.	The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667.
	Condor Galaxy	Pavo	Named after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.	The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over. It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxy IC 4970.
		Sextans	The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift measurement of nearly 7.	Galaxy Cosmos [Redshift 7] is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies and to contain some of the earliest first stars that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
	Dusty Hand Galaxy	Camelopardalis	Named after the dust lanes and spiral arms of the galaxy.
	Eye of God	Eridanus	Named after its structural appearance	A prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxies
	Eye of Sauron	Canes Venatici	Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The [Lord of the Rings \|The Lord of the Rings].
	Fireworks Galaxy	Cygnus and Cepheus	Due to its bright and spotty appearance	Active starburst galaxy
	Fried Egg Galaxy	Pegasus	Due to its similar appearance to a fried egg	-
	Godzilla Galaxy	Perseus	Its extremely large size	-
	Helix Galaxy	Ursa Major	Its shape resembles a helix	-
	Grasshopper	Lynx	Named after its appearance to a grasshopper	Two colliding galaxies
	Hidden Galaxy	Camelopardalis	The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden' though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.
	Hockey Stick Galaxies	Canes Venatici	Its elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.	Also known as Crowbar Galaxy
	Hoag's Object	Serpens Caput	This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.	It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.
	Knife Edge Galaxy	Draco	Named after its thin shape, similar to knife's edge.	-
	Large Magellanic Cloud	Dorado/Mensa	Named after Ferdinand Magellan	This is the fourth-largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
	Lindsay-Shapley Ring	Volans	Named after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.	The ring is the result of collision with another galaxy
	Little Sombrero Galaxy	Pegasus	Named after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.
	Malin 1	Coma Berenices	Discovered and named by David Malin.
	Meathook Galaxy	Volans	After its appearance resembling a meathook.	-
	Medusa Merger	Ursa Major	Ejected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.
	Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy	Sculptor	Similar to the Sculpture Galaxies	Also known as Sculptor Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, and formerly as the Sculptor System
	Mice Galaxies	Coma Berenices	Appearance is similar to a mouse.
	Small Magellanic Cloud	Tucana	Named after Ferdinand Magellan	This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
	Mayall's Object	Ursa Major	This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.	Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.
	Milky Way	Sagittarius	The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of light	The galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
	Needle Galaxy	Coma Berenices	Named due to its slender appearance.	Also known as Caldwell 38
	Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte	Cetus	Named for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.
	Paramecium Galaxy	Pegasus	Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium	It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.
	Peekaboo Galaxy	Hydra	Galaxy was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star and became observable when the star moved aside.	Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor, least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.
	Pinwheel Galaxy	Ursa Major	Similar in appearance to a pinwheel .	Also known as Messier 101 or M101
	Porphyrion	Draco
	Porpoise Galaxy	Hydra	Its appearance resembles a porpoise	Also known as the Penguin Galaxy
	Sculptor Galaxy	Sculptor	Named after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.	Also known as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy or Caldwell 65
	Skyrocket Galaxy	Ursa Major	Its resemblance to a July 4th skyrocket	-
	Sombrero Galaxy	Virgo	Similar in appearance to a sombrero.	Also known as Messier Object 104 or M104
	Southern Pinwheel Galaxy	Hydra	Named after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.
	Spider Galaxy	Boötes	Named after its appearance of a spider
	Spiderweb Galaxy	Hydra	Its irregular shape and continuous structure resembles a spiderweb.
	Starfish Galaxy	Ophiuchus	Similar in appearance to a starfish.	Merger of 3 galaxies
	Sunflower Galaxy	Canes Venatici	Similar in appearance to a sunflower.
	Tadpole Galaxy	Draco	The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.	This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.
	Topsy Turvy Galaxy	Reticulum	The disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it look topsy turvy.	-
	Triangulum Galaxy	Triangulum	Named after its location within the Triangulum constellation.
	UFO Galaxy	Lynx	Named after its resemblance to a UFO.	-
	Whale Galaxy	Canes Venatici	Named after its supposed resemblance to a whale.	-
	Whirlpool Galaxy	Canes Venatici	From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.

Naked-eye galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

Galaxy	Apparent Magnitude	Distance	Constellation	Notes
Milky Way	−6.5	0	Sagittarius	This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.
Large Magellanic Cloud	0.9		Dorado/Mensa	Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.
Small Magellanic Cloud	2.7		Tucana	Visible only from the southern hemisphere.
Andromeda Galaxy	3.4		Andromeda	Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.
Triangulum Galaxy	5.7		Triangulum	Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.
Centaurus A	6.84		Centaurus	Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.
Bode's Galaxy	6.94		Ursa Major	Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.

Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy is not listed, because it is not discernible as being a separate galaxy in the sky.
Observational firsts

First	Galaxy	Constellation	Year	Notes
First spiral galaxy	Whirlpool Galaxy	Canes Venatici	1845	Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing M51.
Notion of galaxy	Milky Way & Andromeda Galaxy	Sagittarius & Andromeda	1923	Recognition of the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula as two separate galaxies by Edwin Hubble.
First Seyfert galaxy	NGC 1068	Cetus	1943	The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.
First radio galaxy	Cygnus A	Cygnus	1951	Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.
First quasar	3C 273	Virgo	1962	3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar.
First quasar	3C 48	Triangulum	1960	3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.
First superluminal galactic jet	3C 279	Virgo	1971	The jet is emitted by a quasar
First low surface brightness galaxy	Malin 1	Coma Berenices	1986	Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert	III Zw 2	Pisces	2000

Prototypes

This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.

Class	Galaxy	Constellation	Date	Notes
BL Lac object	BL Lacertae	Lacerta		This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.
Hoag-type Galaxy	Hoag's Object	Serpens Caput		This is the prototype Hoag-type ring galaxy
Giant LSB galaxy	Malin 1	Coma Berenices	1986
FR II radio galaxy	Cygnus A	Cygnus	1951
Starburst galaxy	Cigar Galaxy	Ursa Major
Flocculent spiral galaxy	NGC 2841	Ursa Major

Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type

Title	Galaxy	Constellation	Distance	Notes
Closest galaxy	Ursa Major III	Ursa Major	32,600 light-years	A proposed dwarf galaxy known as the Canis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.
Most distant galaxy	MoM-z14	Sextans	z=14.44	Existed 280 million years after the Big Bang.
Closest quasar	Markarian 231	Ursa Major	z=0.0415	Sometimes classified as a Type-2 Seyfert galaxy, though mostly considered to be the nearest quasar.
Most distant quasar	UHZ1	Sculptor	z=10.1	Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster. It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.
Closest radio galaxy	Centaurus A	Centaurus	13.7 Mly
Most distant radio galaxy	ILT J2336+1842	Pegasus	z=6.6	Another radio galaxy, GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.
Closest Seyfert galaxy	Circinus Galaxy	Circinus	13 Mly	Closest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby dwarf galaxy NGC 185 may also be a Seyfert, though this status has been disputed.
Most distant Seyfert galaxy	HSC 0921+0007	Hydra	z=6.56	Seyfert 1 galaxy; also a low-luminosity quasar.
Closest blazar	Markarian 421	Ursa Major	z=0.030	This is a BL Lac object.
Most distant-known blazar	Q0906+6930	Ursa Major	z=5.47	This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.
Closest BL Lac object	Centaurus A	Centaurus	13.7 Mly	Misaligned BL Lac nucleus. Also the closest radio galaxy
Most distant BL Lac object	FIRST J233153.20+112952.11	Pegasus	z=6.57
Closest LINER
Most distant LINER			z=
Closest LIRG
Most distant LIRG			z=
Closest ULIRG	IC 1127	Serpens Caput	z=0.018
Most distant ULIRG			z=
Closest starburst galaxy	IC 10	Cassiopeia		A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within the Local Group.
Most distant starburst galaxy	SPT 0243-49	Horologium	z=5.698
Most distant spiral galaxy	Zhúlóng	Sextans	z=5.2

Closest galaxies

Title	Galaxy	Date	Distance	Notes
Nearest galaxy	Milky Way	always	0	This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
Nearest galaxy to the Milky Way	Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy	1994	0.070 Mly	The closest, undisputed galaxy. The disputed dwarf galaxy Canis Major Overdensity is even closer at 25,000 light-years.
Nearest dwarf galaxy	Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy	1994	0.070 Mly
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way	Andromeda Galaxy	always	2.54 Mly	First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923
Nearest giant galaxy	Maffei 1	1967	11 Mly	Nearest major elliptical galaxy to the Milky Way

Most distant galaxies

Title	Galaxy	Date	Redshift	Notes
Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed	MoM-z14	2025	z=14.44	As of its announcement in May 2025.
Most remote quasar	UHZ1	2023	z=10.3	As of its announcement in 2023.
Most distant Lyman-break galaxy	MoM-z14	2025	z=14.44

Timeline notes

MACS0647-JD, discovered in 2012, with z=10.7, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
UDFy-38135539, discovered in 2009, with z=8.6, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Follow-up observations have failed to replicate the cited redshift measurement.
A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
Abell 68 c1 and Abell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.
IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-up observations have failed to find the object at all.
STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.
BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947
BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558
Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695
In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02. However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy known.
An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197
In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637.
From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe was held by a succession of quasars. That list is available at list of quasars.
In 1958, clusters Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35, respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.
Galaxies by brightness and power

Title	Galaxy	Data	Notes
Intrinsically brightest galaxy	Baby Boom Galaxy		Starburst galaxy located 12 billion light-years away
Brightest galaxy to the naked eye	Large Magellanic Cloud	Apparent magnitude 0.6	This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.
Intrinsically faintest galaxy	Ursa Major III	Absolute magnitude +2.2	This does not include dark galaxies.
Lowest surface brightness galaxy	Andromeda IX
Most luminous galaxy	WISE J224607.57−052635.0		As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy is Infrared radiation.
Brightest distant galaxy	Cosmos Redshift 7		Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies and to contain some of the earliest first stars that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.

Galaxies by mass and density

Title	Galaxy	Data	Notes
Least massive galaxy			This is not considered a star cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects of dark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and black holes.
Most massive galaxy			Central galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.
Most dense galaxy			This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy
Least dense galaxy
Most massive spiral galaxy			The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591
Least massive galaxy with globular

Galaxies by size

Title	Galaxy	Constellation	Diameter	Estimation method	Notes
Smallest known galaxy	Ursa Major III	Ursa Major		Half-light radius	A Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy.
Largest known galaxy	ESO 383-76	Centaurus		90% total B-light	Central galaxy of Abell 3571
Largest spiral galaxy	NGC 6872	Pavo		D_25.5 isophote	Interacting galaxy, stripped by IC 4970.
Largest irregular galaxy	UGC 6697	Leo		D₂₅ isophote	Disrupted spiral-like galaxy, possible jellyfish galaxy.
Largest lenticular galaxy	ESO 248-6	Eridanus		90% total B-light	Central galaxy of Abell 3112.
Largest starburst galaxy	Abell 2125 BCG	Ursa Minor		2MASS K-band total mag
Largest radio galaxy	TXS 0033+252	Andromeda

Interacting galaxies

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Milky Way Galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud		The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to the Milky Way galaxy.
Whirlpool Galaxy NGC 5195		The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy architecture.
M81 M82 NGC 3077		These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.
NGC 6872 and IC 4970 * NGC 6872 * IC 4970		NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.
Tadpole Galaxy		The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Arp 299		These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Mayall's Object		This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.

Galaxy mergers

Galaxies	Data	Notes
Antennae Galaxies	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.
Eyes Galaxies	2 galaxies	Two galaxies which have interacted or still interacting via an off-center collision, both had interacted with M86 in the past.
Butterfly Galaxies	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.
Mice Galaxies	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.
NGC 520	2 galaxies	Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.
NGC 2207 and IC 2163	2 galaxies	These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091	2 galaxies	These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.
NGC 7318	2 galaxies	These are two starting to collide
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702	4 galaxies	These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377	z=3.03	This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.
Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56	z=4.3	This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.

Galaxy	Data	Notes
Starfish Galaxy		This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.

Disintegrating Galaxy	Consuming Galaxy	Notes
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy	Milky Way Galaxy	The Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.
Virgo Stellar Stream	Milky Way Galaxy	This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy	Milky Way Galaxy	M54 is thought to be the core of this dwarf galaxy.

Defunct Galaxy	Destroyer	Notes
Omega Centauri	Milky Way Galaxy	This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.
Mayall II	Andromeda Galaxy	This is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.
Gaia Sausage	Milky Way Galaxy	It is now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way about 8-11 billion years ago. It is the last major merger of the Milky Way in its lifetime.

Galaxies with some other notable feature

Galaxy name	Distance	Constellation	Property	Notes
SDSS J081421.68+522410		Lynx	Giant radio lobes	Also termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are some of the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.
M87		Virgo		This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by the Event Horizon Telescope.
M102		Draco		This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770		Lynx	"Supernova Factory"	NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.
Arp 122				Arp 122 is a collision of NGC 6040 and PGC 56942 or NGC 6039.
NGC 3314		Hydra	exact visual alignment	This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001		Triangulum Australe	"tail" feature	Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium, due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.
Comet Galaxy		Sculptor	interacting with a galaxy cluster	Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.
4C +37.11	230 Mpc	Perseus	Least separation between binary central black holes, at	OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.
SDSS J150636.30+540220.9	z = 0.608	Boötes	Most efficient star production	Most extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field [Infrared Survey Explorer] data.
Cosmos Redshift 7	z = 6.604	Sextans	Brightest distant galaxy	Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies and to contain some of the earliest first stars that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7	z = 7.29	Cetus	Earliest known massive quiescent galaxy	This galaxy is reported to be the most distant and therefore earliest massive galaxy where star formation stopped, contrary to expectations based on current models of galaxy formation.
AMORE6	z = 5.725	Sculptor	Most pristine galaxy	This galaxy is reported to be very metal poor, with the oxygen abundance of 12+log < 5.8, or <0.12% of Solar abundance, measured via JWST spectroscopy. This metallicity measurement is the lowest in the literature, making it the most pristine galaxy to date.