List of former transcontinental countries
This is a list of transcontinental former countries, i.e. countries which covered land on two or more continents, including islands associated with a continent other than the one where the country was based. The examples below are listed in chronological order with the number of continents covered in parentheses and the country's primary continent listed first. When a timespan is included, it is the time period in which the country was transcontinental.
BCE
- Ancient Egyptian Empire – Africa, Asia,
- * Hyksos – Asia, Africa
- * Kingdom of Kush – Africa, Asia
- Sabaeans – Asia, Africa
- Cimmerians – Europe, Asia :File:Cimmerian Migrations.jpg|
- Assyria – Asia, Africa :Image:Map of Assyria.png|
- Neo-Babylonian Empire – Asia, Africa
- Achaemenid Empire – Asia, Europe, Africa :Image:Achaemenid Empire.jpg|
- Carthage – Africa, Europe
- Alexander the Great – Europe, Asia, Africa :Image:MacedonEmpire.jpg|
- Ptolemaic Kingdom – Africa, Asia, :Image:Diadochen1.png| Europe Ptolemy I Soter#Successor of Alexander|
- Lysimachian Kingdom – Europe, Asia :Image:Diadochen1.png|
- Seleucid Empire – Asia, Europe
- Roman Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa :Image:LocationRomanEmpire.png|
CE 1–CE 500
- Sarmatians – Europe, Asia :File:Map of Colchis, Iberia, Albania, and the neighbouring countries ca 1770.jpg|
- Kingdom of Aksum – Africa, Asia:Image:LocationAksumiteEmpire.png|
- Himyarite Kingdom – Asia, Africa
- Palmyrene Empire – Asia, Africa
- Hunnic Empire – Europe, Asia :Image:Huns empire.png|
- Byzantine Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa :Image:EasternRomanEmpire.png|
- Western Roman Empire – Europe, Africa :Image:Extent of Western Roman Empire 395.png|
- Vandal Kingdom – Europe, Africa :Image:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|
- Ostrogoths – Europe, Africa
500–1000
- Sabirs – Europe, Asia
- Sassanid Empire – Asia, Africa, :Image:Sassanid-empire-610CE.png|
- First Turkic Khaganate – Asia, Europe
- Islamic Caliphate
- * Rashidun Caliphate – Asia, Africa :Image:Rashidmap.gif|
- * Umayyad Caliphate – Asia, Africa, Europe :Image:Age of Caliphs.png|
- * Abbasid Caliphate – Asia, Africa, Europe
- Alanian Empire – Europe, Asia :Image:Khazar0.png|
- Khazar Empire – Europe, Asia
- Emirate of Córdoba – Europe, Africa
- Pechenegs – Europe, Asia :Image:Khazarfall1.png|
- Shailendra dynasty – Asia, Oceania
- Kingdom of Kakheti – Asia, Europe
- Kingdom of Abkhazia – Asia, Europe
- Aghlabid Emirate – Africa, Europe
- Tulunid Emirate – Africa, Asia :Image:Tulunid Emirate 868 - 905.PNG|
- Sajid Emirate of Azerbaijan – Asia, Europe
- Fatimid Caliphate – Africa, Asia, :Image:Fatimids Empire 909 - 1171.PNG| Europe Emirate of Sicily#Period as an emirate|
- Rus – Europe, Asia :Image:Rus Caspian.png|
- Caliphate of Córdoba – Europe, Africa
- Ikhshidids – Africa, Asia :Image:Ikhshidid Dynasty 935 - 969.PNG|
1000–1450
- Sallarid Emirate of Azerbaijan – Asia, Europe
- Kalbid Emirate of Sicily – Europe, Africa
- Georgian Empire – Asia, Europe :File:Mid-14th c. Georgia map.svg|
- Almoravid Empire – Africa, Europe :Image:Almoravid-empire-en.svg|
- Seljuqs – Asia, Europe :Image:Seldschuken-Reich-map.png|
- Pisa – Europe, Asia, Africa Pisa#11th century|
- Kediri Empire – Asia, Oceania :Image:Southeast Asia trade route map XIIcentury.jpg|
- Chola Empire – Asia, Oceania :Image:LocationChola empire sm.png|
- Kingdom of Sicily – Europe, Africa
- Almohad Empire – Africa, Europe
- Kingdom of Jerusalem – Asia, Africa Amalric I of Jerusalem#Invasions of Egypt|
- Ayyubid Sultanate – Asia, Africa :Image:Ayyubid.png|
- Shirvanshah Empire – Asia, Europe
- Latin Empire – Europe, Asia :Image:LatinEmpire.png|
- Venice – Europe, Asia :Image:LatinEmpire.png|
- Second Bulgarian Empire – Europe, Asia :Image:2nd Bulgarian empire map LOC.jpg|
- Khwarezmian Empire – Asia, Europe
- Mongol Empire – Asia, Europe :Image:Mongol dominions1.jpg|
- Golden Horde – Europe, Asia :Image:Golden Horde 1389.svg|
- Empire of Nicaea – Asia, Europe :Image:Epir1252-1315.png|
- Mamluk Empire – Africa, Asia
- Majapahit Empire – Asia, Oceania :Image:Majapahit Empire.svg|
- Ilkhanate – Asia, Europe
- Genoese Empire – Europe, Asia:Image:Eastern Mediterranean 1450.svg|
- Aragonese Empire – Europe, Africa Malta#Early settlements of Malta|:Image:Aragonese Empire.PNG|
- Marinid Sultanate – Africa, Europe :Image:Marinid dynasty 1258 - 1420.PNG|
- Ottoman Empire – Asia, Europe, Africa :Image:Ottoman 1683.png|
- Buginese Empire – Oceania, Asia
- Timurid Empire – Asia, Europe
- Nogai Horde Empire – Asia, Europe
- Castilian Empire – Europe, Africa Canary Islands#Castilian conquest|
- Kara Koyunlu Empire – Asia, Europe :File:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468.png|
- Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) – Europe, North America :File:KingdomOfNorway.jpg|
1450–1700
- Portuguese Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania :Image:Portuguese empire.png|:Image:Portugal XVIII.png|
- Mahra Sultanate – Asia, Africa Socotra#History|
- Spanish Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania :Image:Spanish Empire.png|
- Kingdom of Denmark-Norway – Europe, Asia, North America, Africa History of Greenland#Danish recolonization|
- German Empire – Europe, South America, German colonization of the Americas| Asia, German colonial empire#Origins| Africa Kingdom of Sicily#Angevin Sicily|
- Guna people – North America, South America
- Iberian Union Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania :Image:Spanish Empire.png|
- British Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania. :Image:British Empire 1897.jpg|
- Dutch Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania :Image:DutchEmpire.png|
- French Empire – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania :Image:Anachronous map of the All French Empire.png|
- Scotland – Europe, North America Scottish colonization of the Americas|
- Swedish Empire – Europe, North America, :Image:Nya Sverige.png| Saint-Barthélemy#History| Africa Swedish Gold Coast|
- Courland – Europe, Africa, South America Courland colonization|
- Knights of Malta – Europe, Africa, North America
- Brandenburg-Prussia – Europe, Africa, Brandenburger Gold Coast|Arguin| North America German colonial empire#History|
Since 1700
- British Empire – Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, Antarctica
- Omani Empire – Asia, Africa
- Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia – Europe, Africa
- Russian Empire – Europe, Asia, North America :Image:Imperio Ruso.PNG|
- United States of America – North America, Africa, Tristan da Cunha#History| Asia, Oceania, South America :Image:GreaterAmericaMap.jpg|Panama Canal Zone|
- Argentina – South America, Antarctica
- Mexico - North America, Oceania
- Chile - South America, Antarctica, Oceania
- Ecuador - South America, Oceania
- Portugal - Europe, Africa, North America
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Europe, Africa :Image:Mappa Due Sicilie.PNG|
- Kingdom of Italy – Europe, Africa :File:Italian empire 1940.PNG|
- German Empire – Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia :Image:Deutsche Kolonien.PNG|
- Belgium – Europe, Africa :Image:Belgian colonial empire.png|
- Denmark – Europe, North America, Asia, Africa :Image:Denmark-Norway and possessions.png|
- Japanese Empire – Asia, Oceania, North America :Image:Japanese Empire2.png|:Image:PacificTheaterAug1942.jpg|
- Norway – Europe, Antarctica Bouvet Island|
- France – Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Oceania, Antarctica
- Commonwealth of Australia – Oceania, Asia, AntarcticaMacquarie Island|
- Union of South Africa and Republic of South Africa – Africa, Antarctica
- United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves – Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania
- Uzbek Khanate – Asia, Europe
- Ak Koyunlu Empire – Asia, Europe :Image:Uzunhasanempire.gif|
- Khanate of Sibir – Asia, Europe :Image:Siberian Khanate map English.svg|
- Astrakhan Khanate – Europe, Asia
- Safavid Empire – Asia, Europe:Image:LocationSafavid.PNG|
- Crimean Khanate – Europe, Asia
- Grand Duchy of Moscow :File:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468.png| and Tsardom of Russia – Europe, Asia
- Kalmyk Khanate – Asia, Europe:Image:Kalmykia 1720.jpg|
- Kingdom of Bali – Asia, Oceania Lombok#History|
- Afsharid Empire – Asia, Europe
- Kazakh Khanate – Asia, Europe
- Quba Khanate – Europe, Asia
- Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti – Asia, Europe
- Qajar Empire – Asia, Europe :Image:Gulistan-Treaty.jpg|
- Later Egyptian Empire – Africa, Asia, Europe History of Crete#Venetian and Ottoman Crete|
- United Provinces of New Granada – South America, North America
- Gran Colombia – South America, Central America :Image:Gran Colombia map.jpg|
- Republic of the New Granada and Granadine Confederation – South America, Central America :Image:LocationColombiaPanama.png|
- Greece – Europe, Asia :Image:Greekhistory.GIF| Greco-Turkish War |
- Alash Orda – Asia, Europe
- Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic – Asia, Europe :Image:Russia Caucusus 1882.jpg|
- Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus – Europe, Asia
- Azerbaijan Democratic Republic – Asia, Europe :File:Map of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.png|
- Democratic Republic of Georgia – Asia, Europe :File:Map of the Democratic Republic of Georgia to the Paris Peace Conference.png|
- Centrocaspian Dictatorship – Asia, Europe
- Russian SFSR – Europe, Asia :Image:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR.svg|
- Soviet Union – Europe, Asia :Image:Soviet Union Administrative Divisions 1989.jpg|
- West Indies Federation – North America, South America :File:Map of the West Indies Federation.svg|
- United Arab Republic :Image:LocationUnitedArabRepublic.png| and United Arab States – Africa, Asia
- Protectorate of South Arabia, People's Republic of South Yemen, and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen – Asia, Africa
- Federation of Arab Republics – Africa, Asia :Image:Esl.PNG|