List of aircraft upset factors
The U.S. FAA lists factors of aircraft upset in the Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid as follows:
- Turbulence causes:
- * Clear air turbulence
- * Mountain wave turbulence
- * Windshear
- * Thunderstorms
- * Microbursts
- * Wake turbulence
- * Aircraft icing
- Systems anomalies:
- * Flight instruments
- * Autoflight systems
- * Flight control and other anomalies
- Pilot-Induced
- * Instrument cross-check
- * Adjusting attitude and power
- * Inattention
- * Distraction from primary cockpit duties
- * Vertigo or spatial disorientation
- * Pilot incapacitation
- * Improper use of airplane automation
- * Pilot techniques
- * Pilot induced oscillation avoidance and recovery
- Combination causes:
- * Swept-wing airplane fundamentals for pilots
- * Flight dynamics
- * Energy states
- * Load factor (flight mechanics)
- * Aerodynamic flight envelope
- Aerodynamic causes:
- * Angle of attack and stall
- * Camber
- * Control surface fundamentals
- * Spoiler-type devices
- * Trim
- * Lateral and directional aerodynamic considerations
- * Angle of sideslip
- * Wing dihedral effects
- * Pilot-commanded sideslip
- * Crossover speed
- * Static stability
- * Maneuvering in pitch
- * Mechanics of turning flight
- * Lateral and directional maneuvering
- * Flight at extremely low airspeeds
- * High-altitude factors
- * Stall
- * icing
- * Automation during high-altitude flight
- * Primary flight display airspeed indications
- * Human factors and high altitude upsets
- Additional considerations:
- * Multi-engine flame out
- * Core lock
- * Engine rollback
- * Flight at extremely high speeds
- * Defensive, aggressive maneuvers
- * Situation awareness
- * Startle factor
- * Negative G-force
- * Use of full control inputs
- * Counter-intuitive factors
- * Previous training in non-similar airplanes
- * Engine performance in upset situation
- * Post-upset conditions