List of Pinus species
Pinus, the pines, is a genus of approximately 110–120 extant tree and shrub species. The genus is currently split into two subgenera, subgenus Pinus, and subgenus Strobus. Each of the subgenera have been further divided into sections and subsections based in the past on morphology, ecology and biogeography, and more recently increasingly from chloroplast DNA sequencing and whole plastid genomic analysis. While the genetic analysis has given robust results at the higher levels, they often give conflicting results lower in the phylogenetic trees, with species allocated to different subsections by different studies or even within a study. Within subsections, the genetic relationships between species can be even more complex and conflicting; in one study, three samples of the very distinctive and morphologically constant Pinus lambertiana were placed in three different clades of the subsection Strobus, and similar problems with many other species with widespread nonmonophyly.
Several features are used to distinguish the subgenera, sections, and subsections of pines; the number of leaves per fascicle, whether the fascicle sheaths are deciduous or persistent, the number of fibrovascular bundles per needle, the position of the resin ducts in the needles, the presence or shape of the seed wings, and the position of the umbo and presence of a prickle on the scales of the seed cones.
The two subgenera are thought to have ancient divergence from each other, having diverged at some point between the late Jurassic, the mid Cretaceous, to the late Cretaceous.
Subgenus ''Pinus''
Subgenus Pinus includes the yellow and hard pines. Pines in this subgenus have two to five needles per fascicle. They have two fibrovascular bundles per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are persistent, except in P. leiophylla and P. lumholtzii. The cone scales are thicker and more rigid than those of subgenus Strobus, and have a resin sealing band before opening ; the cones either open soon after they mature or are serotinous.Section ''Pinus''
Section Pinus has two or three needles per fascicle. The cones have moderately thin to thick scales; in most they open at maturity, but are weakly serotinous in some species in subsection Pinaster. Species in this section are native to Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean, except for P. resinosa in northeastern North America and P. tropicalis in western Cuba.Subsection Incertae sedis
- †P. driftwoodensis – Early Eocene, British Columbia, Canada
Subsection ''Pinus''
- P. densata – Sikang pine
- P. densiflora – Korean red pine
- P. henryi – Henry's pine
- P. hwangshanensis – Huangshan pine
- P. kesiya – Khasi pine
- P. luchuensis – Luchu pine
- P. massoniana – Masson's pine
- P. mugo – mountain pine
- *P. m. subsp. mugo
- *P. m. subsp. uncinata
- P. nigra – Austrian pine
- P. resinosa – red pine
- P. sylvestris – Scots pine
- P. tabuliformis – Chinese red pine
- P. taiwanensis – Taiwan red pine
- P. thunbergii – Japanese black pine
- P. tropicalis – tropical pine
- P. yunnanensis – Yunnan pine
- †P. prehwangshanensis
- †P. yorkshirensis
Subsection ''[Incertae sedis]''
- P. heldreichii – Bosnian pine
Subsection ''[Incertae sedis]''
- P. latteri – Tenasserim pine
- P. merkusii – Sumatran pine
- P. ustulata – Philippine pine
Subsection ''Pinaster''
- P. brutia – Turkish pine
- P. canariensis – Canary Islands pine
- P. halepensis – Aleppo pine
- P. pinaster – maritime pine
- P. pinea – stone pine
- P. roxburghii – chir pine
Section ''Trifoliae''
The timing of divergences within this section is disputed, with subsections Australes and Ponderosae having diverged during the mid Cretaceous according to one study, but not until the mid Oligocene in others.
Subsection ''Attenuatae''
The three closed-cone and fire adapted species of California and Baja California form a small subsection; closely related to, and often included within subsection Australes. Some studies suggest Pinus glabra may also belong here though others include it in subsection Australes.- P. attenuata – knobcone pine
- P. muricata – Bishop pine
- P. radiata – Monterey pine
Subsection ''Australes''
- P. caribaea – Caribbean pine
- P. cubensis – Cuban pine
- P. echinata – shortleaf pine
- P. elliottii – slash pine
- P. glabra – spruce pine
- P. georginae
- P. greggii – Gregg's pine
- P. herrerae – Herrera's pine
- P. hondurensis – Honduras pine
- P. jaliscana – Jalisco pine
- P. lawsonii – Lawson's pine
- P. leiophylla – Chihuahua pine
- P. lumholtzii – Lumholtz's pine
- P. luzmariae
- P. occidentalis – Hispaniolan pine
- P. oocarpa – egg-cone pine
- P. palustris – longleaf pine
- P. patula – patula pine
- P. praetermissa – McVaugh's pine
- P. pringlei – Pringle's pine
- P. pungens – table mountain pine
- P. rigida – pitch pine
- P. serotina – pond pine
- P. taeda – loblolly pine
- P. tecunumanii – Tecun Uman's pine
- P. teocote – ocote pine
- P. vallartensis
- †P. foisyi – extinct
Subsection ''Contortae''
- P. banksiana – jack pine
- P. clausa – sand pine
- P. contorta
- *P. c. subsp. contorta – shore pine
- *P. c. subsp. latifolia – lodgepole pine
- *P. c. subsp. murrayana – tamarack pine
- P. virginiana – Virginia pine
- †P. matthewsii – extinct Pliocene species from Yukon Territory, Canada
Subsection ''Ponderosae''
- P. apulcensis
- P. arizonica – Arizona pine
- P. cooperi – Cooper's pine
- P. devoniana – Michoacan pine
- P. durangensis – Durango pine
- P. engelmannii – Apache pine
- P. estevezii –
- P. gordoniana – Gordon's pine
- P. hartwegii – Hartweg's pine
- P. martinezii –
- P. maximinoi – thinleaf pine
- P. montezumae – Montezuma pine
- P. ponderosa – ponderosa pine
- *P. p. subsp. benthamiana – Pacific ponderosa
- *P. p. subsp. brachyptera – Southwestern ponderosa
- *P. p. subsp. ponderosa – Columbia Basin ponderosa
- *P. p. subsp. readiana – central high plains ponderosa
- *P. p. subsp. scopulorum – Rocky Mountain ponderosa
- P. pseudostrobus – smooth-bark Mexican pine
- P. stormiae – Storm's pine
- P. yecorensis – Yecora pine
- †P. fujiii
- †P. johndayensis – Oligocene
Subsection ''Sabinianae''
- P. coulteri – Coulter pine
- P. jeffreyi – Jeffrey pine
- P. sabiniana – gray pine
- P. torreyana – Torrey pine
Subgenus ''Strobus''
Section ''Nelsonia''
This unique pine is remarkable in differing from all other pines in multiple cone and foliage characters. Genetically, its position has varied between and within studies; three nuclear genes and chloroplast DNA placed it as sister taxon to the rest of Section Parrya, while a late embryogenesis abundant -like gene resolved it as sister to Section Quinquefoliae; another study resolved it as sister to Subsection Balfourianae. It has probably evolved separately from the rest of the genus since the late Eocene, with its most recent common ancestor around 37 million years ago. These unique characters warrant recognition as a monotypic section.Subsection ''Nelsonianae''
Subsection Nelsonianae is native to northeastern Mexico. It consists of the single species with persistent fascicle sheaths.- P. nelsonii – Nelson's pinyon
Section ''Parrya''
Subsection ''Balfourianae''
Subsection Balfourianae is native to southwest United States.- P. aristata – Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine
- P. balfouriana – foxtail pine
- †P. crossii -
- P. longaeva – Great Basin bristlecone pine
Subsection ''Rzedowskiae''
- P. maximartinezii – big-cone pinyon
- P. pinceana – weeping pinyon
- P. rzedowskii – Rzedowski's pinyon
Subsection ''Cembroides''
- P. cembroides – Mexican pinyon
- P. culminicola – Potosi pinyon
- P. discolor – border pinyon
- P. edulis – Colorado pinyon
- P. johannis – Johann's pinyon
- P. monophylla – single-leaf pinyon
- P. orizabensis – Orizaba pinyon
- P. quadrifolia – Parry pinyon
- P. remota – Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon
Section ''Quinquefoliae''
Subsection ''Gerardianae''
Subsection Gerardianae is native to East Asia. It has three or five needles per fascicle.- P. bungeana – lacebark pine
- P. gerardiana – chilgoza pine
- P. squamata – Qiaojia pine
Subsection ''Krempfianae''
- P. krempfii – Krempf's pine
- †P. leptokrempfii – Oligocene
Subsection ''Strobus''
- P. albicaulis – whitebark pine
- P. amamiana – Yakushima white pine
- P. armandii – Chinese white pine
- P. arunachalensis
- P. ayacahuite – Mexican white pine
- P. bhutanica – Bhutan white pine
- P. cembra – Swiss pine
- P. chiapensis – Chiapas pine
- P. dabeshanensis – Dabieshan pine
- P. dalatensis – Vietnamese white pine
- P. fenzeliana – Hainan white pine
- P. flexilis – limber pine
- P. koraiensis – Korean pine
- P. lambertiana – sugar pine
- P. monticola – western white pine
- P. morrisonicola – Taiwan white pine
- P. parviflora – Japanese white pine
- P. peuce – Macedonian pine
- P. pumila – Siberian dwarf pine
- P. ravii
- P. reflexa – Southwestern white pine
- P. sibirica – Siberian pine
- P. strobus – eastern white pine
- P. strobiformis – Chihuahuan white pine
- P. stylesii – Styles's white pine
- P. veitchii – Veitch's pine
- P. wallichiana – blue pine
- P. wangii – Guangdong white pine
- †P. longlingensis – Late Pliocene, Mangbang Formation – Yunnan, China
''Incertae sedis''
- †Pinus latahensis – Early Eocene, Klondike Mountain Formation, Allenby Formation – Okanagan Highlands Floras
- †Pinus macrophylla – Early Eocene, Klondike Mountain Formation, Allenby Formation – Okanagan Highlands Floras
- †Pinus peregrinus – Middle Eocene, Golden Valley Formation, North Dakota, US
- †Pinus tetrafolia – Early Eocene, Klondike Mountain Formation – Okanagan Highlands Floras