Kudungga
Kudungga was the founder of the Kutai Martadipura kingdom who ruled around the year 350 AD or 4th century AD. Kudungga first ruled the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura as a community leader or chieftain. During Kudungga's rule, Kutai Martadipura did not have a regular and systematical system of governance. By contrast, the latest claim said that Maharaja Kudungga was possibly a king from the ancient kingdom of Bakulapura in Tebalrung , and Asvavarman which was his son-in-law rather than his son, then became the first king of Kutai Martadipura.
History
The discovery of the most reliable source stating that Kutai Martadipura is the oldest kingdom in the Nusantara archipelago were found in yupa inscriptions. Seven pieces of yupa were found in Muara Kaman. According to the results of a study conducted by J.G. de Casparis, the yupas in Muara Kaman, which were allegedly a Kutai Martadipura civilization artifact, were found successively in 1879 and 1940.In the yupas, there were inscriptions found written using the Pallava script in the Sanskrit language. Letters engraved on the yupa were thought to have come from the end of the 4th century or early 5th century AD. All of the monument stones were issued at the command of a leader named Maharaja Mulavarman Naladewa. Mulavarman was allegedly an Indianized name of the indigenous people because the name of his grandfather, namely Kudungga was the original name of an indigenous Indonesian. Kudungga was believed to be the forerunner of the first leader of the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura, while Mulavarman is the successor of Asvavarman who brought the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura to glory.
R.M. Ng. Poerbatjaraka interpreted the circuit Pallava inscriptions in Sanskrit recorded on the yupas about the genealogy of the kings who had ruled in the early days of the kingdom of Kutai Martadipura in translation:
Translation:
From the inscriptions of the artifact above, it can be concluded that the first king of Kutai Martadipura was Kudungga. Kudungga had a son named Asvavarman who then passed the leadership of the kingdom of Kutai. Asvavarman had three children. Of the three children Aswawarman had, there was a child who was the most prominent, the child's name is Mulavarman who was the crown prince.
Ancestry
Name Origin
The belief that Kudungga was an indigenous Indonesian person was based on the premise that Kudungga is clearly not an Indian name, although the names of his descendants, Aswawarman and Mulawarman, contained elements of Indian names. In this case, Poesponegoro and Notosusanto states that there is a name that is similar in Bugis, namely Kadungga. The resemblance of this name is not just a coincidence given in South Sulawesi also found several inscriptions similar to what is found in Kutai.Poesponegoro and Notosusanto further concluded that the most likely theory was that both Kudungga who named his son Asvavarman, and Asvavarman himself named his son Mulavarman, eager to equate their degree and their ancestral alignment with the Ksahtriya caste in India. This possibility was based on the fact that the word "varman" is derived from Sanskrit, which was usually used as a suffix for the names of people in southern India. In the Hindu tradition that came from India, the social system of society is divided into classes, known as castes where members of the warrior caste and the aristocratic/priestly caste were treated highly.