Kasha (folklore)
The in Japanese folklore is a yōkai said to steal corpses. It is now generally regarded to be a monster in cat-form, though earlier archetypes made them demon-like.
Summary
The kasha was originally neither an animal- nor man-like monster, but a fire vehicle assigned the mission of conveying the sinful to Buddhist hell. The kasha as yōkai in the early modern period was originally conceived of as the demon-like beings: or the Raijin thunder god.But due to conflation with the legends of the devil-cat stealing cadavers, the kasha came to be seen as a cat-like yōkai in the late 17th century. The famed yōkai artist Toriyama Sekien illustrated the kasha as cat.
The kasha is often said to appear with dark clouds, thunderclaps, or thunderstorms.
In the regional folklore collected during the modern period, the kasha as body snatching yōkai that steal corpses from funeral services or cemeteries are ubiquitous all over Japan. Oftentimes, the kasha are recognized as monstrous cats or nekomata, sometimes said to have evolved into such form after living an extraordinarily long life. At other times, the kasha is depicted much like a demon carrying the damned in a cart to hell.
While some commentators flatly state that the kasha only targets the bodies of those who had accumulated evil deeds in life, this is not necessarily the case, and later conceptions of the kasha as monster do not always target bodies of the villainous.
There kasha also features in the folktale type, in which case the cat is not evil, but only play-acting to benefit his temple abbot master. There are similar tales in the Harima Province. In Makidani, Yamasaki, there is the tale of the "".
Various superstitions prescribe objects used as amulets or chanting to protect the deceased from the attack of the kasha.
Regional folklore
The folklore about the yōkai named kasha stealing cadavers is widespread over various places across Japan, and the wide dissemination had already occurred by the 18th century.In typical examples of the regional folk narrative, the kasha assumes a cat-like form, and when the deceased's body is stolen, the weight of the coffin suddenly lightens. Generally the arrival of a kasha is accompanied by black clouds, thunderstorm, or fearsome wind. These great winds would be strong enough to lift the coffin into the sky, out of the hands of those bearing it on their shoulders. When this occurred, the pallbearers would explain it as the body having been “possessed by the kasha”.
Examples
In the traditional funerary customs in Miyazaki Prefecture, instead of observing the usual 1–2 day wake before the funeral, a secondary wake was observed after, and during this tsuya wake period, someone would be left to attend the body around the clock, and close family of either gender would sleep with the body overnight in what was called yotogi This stems from the superstition that the kasha would come steal the body if not on constant watch. And for this reason, cats were taboo during the wake, and trapped inside cages and forbidden from entering rooms.Allowing a cat to stride over a body causes it to turn into a monster, or else result in some bad turn of events. Or if a cat leaps over the corpse will stand up, or revive, etc. according to Miyazaki Prefecture folklore, though similar lore is found elsewhere, e.g. Gunma Prefecture where it is said that a monster leaping over the body causes the dead to revive, and the approach of cats near the deceased is abhorred.
A variant in Tōno, Iwate Prefecture is locally called "'", though it assumes the appearance of a human woman. According to the lore, when one takes the path from the village of Ayaori, Kamihei District to the village of Miyamori, along the mountain pass is a little mountain called Kasanokayō-yama where she is prone to appear, looking like a woman wearing kinchaku money-bag tied to her front obi belt. She supposedly stole corpses from coffins at funerals and dug up corpses from gravesites and ate them as well. village is another spot where this yōkai is known as "kyasha", and as in the typical case, it was accused of stealing corpses at funerals.
In the Yamagata Prefecture, a story is passed down where when a certain wealthy man died, a ' appeared before him and attempted to steal his corpse, but the head priest of Seigen-ji drove it away. Its alleged tail was then offered to be kept at the Hase-kannon-dō pavilion as a charm against evil spirits, which is open to the public on new years each year.
Prophylactic superstition
Legends state that if a monk is present in the funeral procession, then the body could be reclaimed by the monk throwing a rosary at the coffin, saying a prayer, or signing their seal onto the coffin.One method of protecting corpses from kasha, in Kamikuishiki, Nishiyatsushiro District, Yamanashi Prefecture, at a temple that a kasha is said to live near, a funeral is performed twice, and it is said that by putting a rock inside the coffin for the first funeral, this protects the corpse from being stolen by the kasha.
In Yawatahama, Ehime, Ehime prefecture, it is said that leaving a hair razor on top of the coffin would prevent the kasha from stealing the corpse. In Tsumagoi village in Agatsuma District, Gunma, placing a bladed instrument on the body prevents it from becoming possessed and walking away, and similarly in Kasukawa, Seta District, Gunma a blade is said to ward against the theft of the corpse.
In the custom of Himakajima island, Aichi Prefecture, placing a reed for weaving on the body, and the fine mesh supposedly defended against the , an over a century-old cat, from stealing the body.
In Saigō, Higashiusuki District, Miyazaki Prefecture, it is said that before a funeral procession, "I will not let baku feed on this" or "I will not let kasha feed on this" is chanted twice.
In the village of Kumagaya, Atetsu District, Okayama Prefecture, it is said that a kasha is avoided by playing a .
Cf. also the protection methods under.
In classics
The transition to distinctly feline-shaped kasha occurred in the late 17th to early 18th century, but in the near-coeval period tales of the Buddhist-based vehicular kasha chariot, often driven away by high priests, did continue to appear in anthologies. The depiction of kasha changed from the cart vehicle to the anthropomorphic or ogre-like, or other ogres such as the Raijin then to a cat-monster.As cat
The earliest identified work depicting the kasha as cat occurs in the Book 1, tale 15 "Matter of cat turned kasha taking human corpse", which is a story of the neko danka type. It tells a tale of a certain elder of the Jōdo-shū sect in Kyoto who overhears his 30-year pet cat speaking in human language at night, and the cat reveals itself to be the chief bakeneko of Kyoto. It was also the commander of cats who transform into kasha to steal the bodies when certain people die, and quarreled with the other cats that had decided to target certain noblewoman nun who was due to die the next day, as she was ill-considered and profligate, but the she was also the priest's patroness, and the priest's pet could not bear to betray its master. The pet revealed the cats' secret weakness: the Darum's juzu rosaries which could deliver mortal wounds to the monsters. The priest counseled the cat to attack full force and the priest will do his best to defend. The next day as the priest was performing the last rite, suddenly the clouds overshadowed, bringing thunderous rain, and as lightning was about to strike the coffin, the priest struck with his rosary, that brought back clear weather. The priest's cat returned 3 days later with his eye popped out from the injury, and was nursed but eventually died.Tsujidō Chōfūshi's work, has a section on "The kasha sermon, as well as the matter of cat taking corpse", which tells that when Shūgen was abbot of Sōkō-ji, a Zen sect temple in Kōzuke Province. One day, Shūgen heard the cats at the temple conspiring to steal the corpse of the village nanushi. The nanushi over many generations had their bodies stolen, and it turns out the nekomata were responsible. When the cats returned to his presence feigning ignorance, the abbot scolded the cats and scattered them. On the day of the funeral procession, the priest chanted his spells and lectured the cats, so that nothing untoward happened that day.
''Kii zōdanshū'' and ''Kanwa kii''
The Kii zōdanshū and Kanwa kii also contains an episode concerning the kasha as the fire cart vehicle. The anecdote below, in various versions, concerns the kasha as a monstrous being.Echigo priest fends off
A supposedd historical event took place in the year Tenshō 2/1574 according to the and reappears in the under the entry entitled "Concerning how in the manor of Ueda, Echigo, at the time of funeral, a lightning cloud comes steals the corpse" It writes that funeral procession was held at Ueda Manor, Echigo a kasha made an assault attempting to steal the corpse, and nearly succeeded, but for a priest at temple who manifested his esoteric powers and protected the remains, though fainting in the process. This kasha arrived amidst heavy rain and thunder.The book's woodcut illustration depicts this kasha much like the raijin looking like an ogre, wearing tiger's pelt loincloth and carrying a set of drums said to cause thunder.
The emphasis of this narrative is to eulogize the deeds of the priest. The physical form of the kasha here is not discernable beyond being a black, dark cloud seeming to attack the dead, but since the corpse attacked was clearly not meant to be seen as an evil person, it is pointed out that the tale no longer follows the definition of the kasha as a vehicle meant to carry only the damned, and a scholar regards this as a transition evolving from vehicle to a creature-type yōkai. In a later variant telling of the same tale, the identity of the kasha is changed from "dark cloud" to the monster cat nekomata：
;（"Priest Hokkō" from the Hokuetsu Seppu）
In 's, the heroic priest in the monster encounter of Tensho era is claimed to have been Hokkō as the 13th abbot at the aforementioned Untō-an temple, though this has been pointed out to be anachronistic and implausible. The corpse-snatcher is here the nekomata or twin-tailed cat, as aforementioned. The story tells of a death in the farming village of Saburōmaru,, Echigo Province which lay close to the Untō-an temple. They were forced to deliver the coffin through a snowstorm which didn't subside after waiting for days. Midway in the trip, a sudden gust came, the dark clouds overshadowed the area, and a ball of fire came flying forth, enveloping the coffin. Within the fire was a twin-tailed huge cat trying to steal the coffin, but the priest Hokko used his incantations, and clubbed the monster on the head with his iron nyoi, driving it away. The blood splatter smeared the priest's kesa cloak. This garment was afterwards called the "", and still remains in the keeping of this temple.
''Inga monogatari''
Bad priest of Mino
In the Katakana-bon Inga monogatari, Book 3, Tale 11 "How a priest fallen to bad view harms self and others", the purported anecdote dated to Shōhō era claims that the priest Kaishuku of the Kaizan sect of the Rinzai School, serving in Hachiya, Mino Province preached there was no Buddha aside from the enlightenment he gave from his heart, and would destroy holy trees and Buddha figures, so that when he died, the kasha seized his body and took it away. This narrative was indicative of the Sōtō school's rivalry with the Rinzai School.The same tale is also included in the Hiragana-bon Inga monogatari, Book 4, Tale 17 as "Matter of receiving punishment for badly conducting the laws of Buddhism" where the priest's name is given as Kan'etsu. Whereas the Katakana text described the body strewn "hither thither", the hiragana redaction adds the hands and ankle were torn, and parts were hung over tree branches.
''Rōō sawa''
Aizu domain samurai Misaka Haruyoshi's collection of strange tales,, contains two tales about evil women whose corpse is hunted by black clouds which appear to be the kasha, though the term kasha is not named explicitly. In Book three, "Lost soul", there was a certain ill-considerate wife of a man named Nagashima Ichizaemon residing in Kamigawara-machi, Utsunomiya, Shimotsuke Province who murdered an adopted son out of the malice, and was in turn killed by the spirit of the dead. During her funeral procession. a thunderstorm came and dark clouds came after her body. In Book five, "Dead woman of Kutsu village", the wife of a peasant named Shōjirō of, Mutsu Province was at once miserly and greedy, ill-considerate, and envious, murdering 20 people by curse, but herself dying at age 37. Though dead, she still moved about refusing to be shaved by the priest, and her face was like an ogre's. During the funerary procession, the thunderous rain came and she was engulfed in black clouds, so that other people all fled. By the next day her remains were gone.''Shin Chomonjū''
The also contains references to kasha as fire cart, for which cf.. There are also mentions of the kasha as monster, cf. below:Slicing off ''kasha''s hand
Again in Part ten on Strange Events of this work, is an entry titled "Cutting off the hand of an ogre in a cloud at the place of funeral". It tells of a samurai named participating in the funeral procession of his male cousin, when thunder began to rumble, and from a dark cloud that covered the sky, a kasha stuck out its bear-like foreleg, and attempted to steal the corpse. Matsudaira with his sword-stroke severed the creature's forepaw, which had three dreadful nails, covered by hair-like silver needles.A miserly hag taken by a ''kasha''
This the tale was already anthologized in the earlier work, but appears in the "Shin Chomonjū", Part fourteen on "Calamities" under the entry "A miserly and greedy hag taken by a kasha". The daimyo lord of Hizen Domain named Ōmura Inaba-no-kami and his retinue were passing through the bay area of Bizen Province when a black cloud appeared from afar, then a scream "Oh, woe " resounded, with human feet seen sticking out of that cloud. When the daimyo's vassals dragged it down, it turned out to be the corpse of an old woman. According to those in the neighborhood, the hag was terribly stingy, and was detested by all around her, but one time when she went outside to go to the bathroom, a black cloud suddenly swooped down and took her away. The narrator explains this must have been the handiwork of the devil which people call kasha in the world at large.Toriyama Sekien
Toriyama Sekien drew and wrote the text for Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, and in the second or yō volume, he provides a captioned illustration for kasha.According to Sekien's text, the lore of the kasha stealing bodies from funeral grounds and graves was already widespread across Japan in his time. Some places prescribed placing a stone in the coffin or chanting to try to ward off the cat monster. Its true identity is an ancient cat, that is, a nekomata.
''Bōsō Manroku''
According to Chihara Kyosai's,the legend of the kasha could be seen in western parts of Japan including Izumo and Satsuma, and in Eastern parts of Japan as well. It is said that when a sudden gust of wind and rain threatens a coffin to be blown away during a funeral, the protecting monk casting his juzu will cause nothing to go amiss, however, without this ritual, the body may be blown away and be lost. Though the author considers it a silly superstition, rumors will start that the victim must have done evil deeds during his lifetime, and the kasha from hell must have ushered the person away. The kasha would reputedly tear the body apart, and leave it hanging on a rock in the mountains or a tree.This author further mocks the ignorant masses for naming a body-snatching monster after a vehicle, and seeks a better name for it as could be found in Chinese classics, finding . The accompanying illustration is captioned "魍魎", which is forcibly read as "kwasha/kasha".
Shōkō-in relic
Hozumi Takahiko's records that among the items kept at temple in Setagaya-ku, Tokyo were the kashas claws. A certain wise and virtuous abbot at this temple dispelled the kasha attempting to possess the dead, causing several claws to fall off. The writer claims to have viewed these 4 claws in Bunka 9/1812.Similar things
Things of the same kind as kasha, or things thought of as a different name for kasha, are as follows.In village, Kanra District, Gunma Prefecture, a monster that would eat human corpses were called, and in order to defend against this, the was capped by a bamboo basket before burial.
In the Izumi region, Kagoshima Prefecture, beings called are said to appear at the gravesite after funerals.
Development over time
Kasha literally means "fire cart" or "burning chariot", or possibly just "wheels of fire". Originally the kasha were fiery transport carts to convey the damned to Buddhist hell, as depicted as such in Buddhist writings such as. Kasha also appeared in Buddhist paintings of the era, notably jigoku-zōshi, where they were depicted as flaming carts pulled by demons or oni. The tale of the kasha was used by the Buddhist leadership to persuade the populace to avoid sin.Over time, the image of the kasha evolved from a chariot of fire to a sort of body-snatching monster. Earlier, in such literature as discussed above of the early to mid- Edo Period, the kasha as yōkai was depicted in ogre or oni-like forms, either as a or Gozu and Mezu, then from the latter half of the 16th century as thunder i.e. the ogre-like Raijin. The conception of the kasha as a cat appeared around the late 17th century (cf. Kōsekishū dated 1693, above
Transitive meanings
The term kasha also refers to the or who disciplined the geisha or prostitutes at the yūkaku pleasure quarters.In the old Harima Province, old women of unsavory character were called "kasha-baba", with the subtext that they were like cat monsters.