Kankanaey language
Kankanaey, also spelled Kankana-ey or Kankanaëy, is a South-Central Cordilleran language under the Austronesian family spoken on the island of Luzon in the Philippines primarily by the Kankanaey people. Alternate names for the language include Central Kankanaey, Kankanai, and Kankanay. It is widely used by Cordillerans, alongside Ilocano, specifically people from Mountain Province and people from the northern part of the Benguet Province. Kankanaey has a slight mutual intelligibility with the Ilocano language.
Dialects
Ethnologue lists Mankayan-Buguias, Kapangan, Bakun-Kibungan, and Guinzadan as dialects of Kankanaey. Northern Kankanaey is listed as a separate language.Kankanaey is spoken in northern Benguet, southwestern Mountain Province, southeastern Ilocos Sur, northeastern La Union, southwestern Ifugao, and northwest Nueva Vizcaya. Northern Kankanaey is spoken in western Mountain Province, southeastern Ilocos Sur, and southern Abra.
Phonology
Consonants
- Stops can be heard as unreleased, when in syllable-final position.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
| Close | ~ | ~ | |
| Mid | ~ | ~ | |
| Open |
- Allophones of /i, a/ are heard as .
- Allophones of /o/ can be heard as , .
- – 'to go'
- entako – 'let's go'
- ed – a preposition showing location or time marker
- ippe-ey – 'to put'
- eng-gay – 'only, finish'
Grammar
Kankanaey content roots
Kankanaey content roots divide the Kankanaey lexicon into different categories to define their usage and word type. The categories are class roots, property roots, stative roots, perception-stative roots, physical roots, and action roots. Word charts and definitions taken from Janet Allen's ''Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis.''Class roots
Class roots are a class of nouns that are defined by physical or other sensory characteristics.| Word | Definition |
| babai | female, especially human |
| beey | house, home of person or anima; container where something is usually kept |
| begas | hulled rice |
Property roots
Property roots point out a characteristic like size, taste, color, etc.| Word | Definition |
| na lokneng | soft |
| na emas | sweet, tasty |
| ando | tall, long |
Stative roots
Stative roots point out a temporary physical condition. Result-stative roots are states that are changed by an outside source.| Word | Definition |
| natey | dead, deceased |
| gadgad | mangy |
| kemi | dented in, partially crushed |
| nabeteng | drunk |
Perception-stative roots
Perception-stative roots point out a perception by a living being, such as physical, emotional and mental perception-states. Living beings are able to actively perceive with control and content, so these roots form predicates of a wider range than those formed from simple stative roots.| Word | Definition |
| nailak | see, look at |
| bongot | angry |
| kibtot | startled |
| kiyapot | rushed, stressed |
Physical roots
Physical roots point out movements and position such as natural movements, body movements, and positions, but not bodily functions. They may denote location, direction, or manner of movement.| Word | Definition |
| tedted | drip |
| ali | move toward speaker, come |
| saa | go home |
| balalong | move downwards, descend |
| sekad | stamp, stomp |
| tagtag | run |
Action roots
Action roots point out an activity by a living and sometimes intentional participant. Some action roots indicate the direction of that action with respect to another participant; others denote a participant as involved with the action but not the end receiver. Rather than having the action root modified, Kankanaey roots are very specific as to what the action is. Many roots indicate the receiver of the action.| Word | Definition |
| togda | eat lunch |
| tilid | carry something on one shoulder |
| tob-ong | put a relatively small amount of something into a relatively large amount of water |
| todyok | jab or poke upwards at something |
| mangan | to eat |
Reduplication
Multiple types of reduplication are used when forming words in Kankanaey. Unaffixed or affixed roots may experience reduplication, and have their first CV, CVC, or CVCV of the base form copied, with each type of base executing different functions. Kankanaey has many roots that have canonical shapes that appear to possess reduplication. These irreducible roots can contain one syllable that is repeated such as taktak and baba, but other roots can contain a repeated syllable with a prefix or infix such as togingging and wagawag. All of these irreducible roots are not examples of reduplication as a word-building process.Prefixes
Many Kankanaey affixes are normal prefixes that come directly before the root such as the ka- in katokdo, "seat-mate," from tokdo. A lot of reduplicative affixation is used before the prefixation such as the CV- and na- in nabebeteng, 'was drunk', from beteng, 'drunk'. However, some CVC reduplication is applied after the prefix is added to the beginning of the stem such as the ma- and CVC- in magmageyek, 'ticklish', from geyek, 'to tickle'. Some roots lose their first vowel when they are prefixed such as the e in emis, 'sweet, tasty', when prefixed to mam-is, 'sweet, tasty'. This is because the glottal metathesizes with the second consonant under phonological constraints. If the root is one-syllable or if it is vowel reduced, then the reduplication is applied after the predicative affixation such as the ma- and CVC- in matmatey, 'dying', from tey, 'dead'.Suffixes
According to Janet Allen's Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis, only "two predicating affixes are suffixes, -en and -an. Some roots drop their last vowel when suffixed, as in datngan from dateng."Infixes
To change ayos, 'flow down', to omayos, 'flows down', the predicating affix -om- is infixed after the first consonant of the root word. In kinaan, 'removed', the perfective affix -in- is infixed after the first consonant of kaan, 'to remove'.Pinmanapanakpak, 'was repeatedly hitting/slapping', is formed by first reduplicating the word panakpak, 'hit with slapping sound', into panapanakpak, and then the predicating infixation and aspect infixation are added. This is because reduplication usually precedes both the predicating infixation and aspect infixation. However, in this example, vowel reduction occurred when the infixes were added before the vowel, causing the infixes -in- and -om- to become -inm-. When forming binombomtak, 'were exploding', from betak, 'explode', the reducible vowel and reduplication steps were re-ordered so no vowel reduction was experienced.
Some highly marked affixes have an infixed glottal stop leading the second vowel such as when forming bangbang-a, 'little old pots, toy pots', from banga, 'pot'.
Circumfixes
A lot of affixes consist of a prefix or an infix, which is also followed by a suffix. These are called circumfixes and have their own unique meanings, not a combination of the two parts.| Original | Circumfix | Circumfixed version |
| ila | ka-...-an | ka-ila-an |
| oto | i-...-an | i-oto-an |