Jnanarnava


Jnanarnava is an important Jain text in Sanskrit on various topics useful to the mendicant but focuses primarily on meditation. Another name for this text is Yogapradipadhikara meaning, the Book that Illuminates Meditation.

Subject matter

Jnanarnava is an important work in Jainism focusing on dhayana, its techniques and results. But it does not focus only on meditation, but is underpinned by Jain ontology and presents the Jain teachings in the light of Yoga. Subhacandra distinguishes three categories of dhyana—good, evil and pure, in conformity with the three types of purposes, viz., the auspicious, the inauspicious and the transcendental. At another place, he classifies dhyana into prasasta and aprasasta. In addition to this, he also elaborately expounds the process of dhyana by classifying meditation into pindastha, padastha, rupastha and rupatita.
Besides meditation, this books deals extensively on Jain ethics like Ahimsa, Satya etc. One of the most forceful statement on Ahimsa is found in the Jnanarnava: "Violence alone is the gateway to the miserable state, it is also the ocean of sin; it is itself a terrible hell and is surely the densest darkness"; and "If a person is accustomed to committing injury, then all his virtues like selflessness, greatness, desirelessness, penance, liberality, or munificence are worthless".

Contents

Jnanarnava is a fairly extensive work and has 39 chapters and 2230 verses. The 39 chapters are:
  1. Pithika
  2. Dvadasha Bhavana
  3. Dhyana Lakshana
  4. Dhyana Guna-Dosha
  5. Yogi Prashamsa
  6. Darshana Vishuddhi
  7. Jnanopayoga
  8. Ahimsa Vrata
  9. Satya Vrata
  10. Caurya Parihara
  11. Kama Prakopa
  12. Stri Svarupa
  13. Maithuna
  14. Samsarga
  15. Vrdda Seva
  16. Parigrahadosha Vicara
  17. Asha Pishaci
  18. Aksha Vishaya Nirodha
  19. Tritattva
  20. Mano Vyapara Pratipadana
  21. Ragadi Nivarana
  22. Samya Vaibhava
  23. Arta Dhyana
  24. Arta-Raudra
  25. Dhyanaviruddha Sthana
  26. Pranayama
  27. Pratyahara
  28. Savirya Dhyana
  29. Shuddhopayoga Vicara
  30. Ajna Vicaya
  31. Apaya Vicaya
  32. Vipaka Vicaya
  33. Samsthana Vicaya
  34. Pindastha Dhyana
  35. Padastha Dhyana
  36. Rupastha Dhyana
  37. Rupatita Dhyana
  38. Dharma Dhyana Phala
  39. ''Shukla Dhyana Phala''

    Authorship and dating

Acarya Shubhacandra does not mention his name anywhere in this exhaustive work on meditation. However, the influence of earlier luminaries like Jinabhadra Gani Kshamashramana, Acarya Pujyapada, Acarya Akalanka, Acarya Jinasena, Acarya Amrtacandra, Acarya Somadeva and Acarya Amitagati is clear in this work. In turn, he has influenced the work of Acarya Prabhacandra and Acarya Hemacandra. He may be dated as having lived in the 11th century CE. Shubhacandra was a guru to Gangaraja, general and prime minister to King Bittideva under whose guidance he undertook many acts of piety and religion to advance the cause of Jainism.
The Jain religion places a great deal of emphasis on purity of conduct and the ability of the soul to attain liberation through the highest level of meditation. However, there are not that many books on meditation written by the Jains. This automatically places this text in an exclusive category, along with Jinabhadra Gani's Dhyanashataka, Pujyapada's Samadhitantra, Haribhadra's Yogabindu and Yogadrshtisamuccaya, Jinasena's Adipurana, Amitagati's Yogasara Prabhrta and Shravakacara, Gunabhadra's Atmanushasana and Hemacandra's Yogashastra. There is an uncanny resemblance between this text and Hemacandra's ‘Yogashastra’. Clearly, one has influenced the other. Since Shubhacandra precedes Hemacandra, it is likely that Hemacandra is influenced by Shubhacandra.

Commentaries

Following is a partial list of commentaries on Jnanarnava:
  1. Acarya Vidyanandin – Commentary on Shubhacandra's Jnanarnava
  2. Shrutasagara Suri – Tattvatrayaprakashini on Shubhacandra's Jnanarnava
  3. Pandit Nayavilasa – Commentary on Shubhacandra's Jnanarnava
  4. Yasovijaya – Commentary on ''Jnanarnava''