Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha is a political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand, founded by Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren, and A. K. Roy. Hemant Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also an influential political party in the state of Odisha and parts of neighbouring states. Its election symbol in Jharkhand is the Bow and Arrow.
The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th-century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Munda's birthday in 2000.
Formation
For almost six decades the movement to separate Jharkhand from Bihar had been attempting to gain a foothold. The Jharkhand Party gained political strength but commissions examining the demands for a separate Jharkhand State consistently rejected its demands. Before 1962, the Jharkhand Party held between 23 and 32 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly. In 1962, it won 20 seats. Jaipal Singh Munda merged the Jharkhand Party with the Indian National Congress in 1963 and became a minister in Vinodanand Jha's government in Bihar. But other members did not join the Congress.In the 1967 general election, the party had a very poor showing with only eight Assembly seats. The party soon split into several splinter parties each claiming to be the real Jharkhand Party. These included the Jharkhand Party led by N. E. Horo, the Jharkhand Party led by Naren, and the All India Jharkhand Party led by Bagun Sumroi. There was also the Hul Jharkhand Party led by Justin Richard, which further fragmented and became the Bihar Progressive Hul Jharkhand Party led by Shibu Soren.
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha was founded by Soren, Binod Bihari Mahato and Marxist Co-ordination Committee leader A. K. Roy. The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, a 19th-century tribal warrior from Jharkhand, who fought against British rule in the region.
On 4 February 1973, Mahato became president of the party and Soren became its general secretary. Prominent party leaders at that time included Roy, Nirmal Mahto and Tek Lal Mahto, among others.
Early years
In its early years, the JMM under Soren's leadership brought industrial and mining workers who were mainly non-tribals belonging to the Dalit and backward communities such as Surdis, Doms, Dusadh, Kurmi, Koiri, Gowala, and Teli into its fold. However Soren's association with the late politician Gyanranjan brought him close to the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He won the Dumka Lok Sabha seat in 1972. Irked by Soren's association with the Indian National Congress, a few younger members of the JMM banded together in Jamshedpur and set up the All Jharkhand Students Union. This did not affect the growth of the JMM in the 1991 Indian general election, where the party won six seats.Ram Dayal Munda reignited the movement for Jharkhand by unifying splinter groups among the tribals. Under his guidance the Jharkhand Coordination Committee was constituted in June 1987, comprising 48 organisations and group including the JMM factions. Due to Munda, Shibu Soren, Suraj Mandal, Simon Marandi, Shailendra Mahato, and AJSU leaders like Surya Singh Besra and Prabhakar Tirkey briefly shared a political platform, but the JMM pulled out of JCC as it felt that "the collective leadership was a farce". In 1988 and 1989, the JMM, AJSU and JPP successfully orchestrated so-called bandhs, economic blockades.
Political wings
Jharkhand Yuva Morcha
Jharkhand Yuva Morcha and Jharkhand Chhatra Morcha, the youth and student wings of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, were constituted at a conference in Ranchi 16 October 1991.List of chief ministers
| No. | Portrait | Chief Minister | Term in Office | Term in Office | Term in Office | Assembly | Constituency |
| No. | Portrait | Chief Minister | Start | End | Tenure | Assembly | Constituency |
| 1 | Shibu Soren | 308 days | 2nd Assembly | did not contest | |||
| 1 | Shibu Soren | 308 days | 2nd Assembly | did not contest | |||
| 1 | Shibu Soren | 308 days | 3rd Assembly | did not contest | |||
| 3 | Champai Soren | 5th Assembly | Seraikella | ||||
| 2 | Hemant Soren | 6 years | 3rd Assembly | Dumka | |||
| 2 | Hemant Soren | 6 years | 5th Assembly | Barhait | |||
| 2 | Hemant Soren | 28 November 2024 | 6 years | 5th Assembly | Barhait | ||
| 2 | Hemant Soren | 28 November 2024 | Incumbent | 6 years | 6th Assembly | Barhait |
List of leaders of opposition
| No. | Leader of Opposition | Portrait | Term in Office | Term in Office | Term in Office | Assembly |
| No. | Leader of Opposition | Portrait | Start | End | Tenure | Assembly |
| 1 | Stephen Marandi | 1st Assembly | ||||
| 2 | Haji Hussain Ansari | 1st Assembly | ||||
| 3 | Sudhir Mahato | 2nd Assembly | ||||
| 4 | Hemant Soren | 4th Assembly |
List of MPs
Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha| S.No | MPs | Constituency | Term |
| 1. | Simon Marandi | Rajmahal | 1989–1991 |
| 1991–1996 | - | - | - |
| 2. | Shibu Soren | Dumka | 1989–1991 |
| 1991–1996 | - | - | - |
| 1996–1998 | - | - | - |
| 2004–2009 | - | - | - |
| 2009–2014 | - | - | - |
| 2014–2019 | - | - | - |
| 3. | Shailendra Mahato | Jamshedpur | 1989–1991 |
| 4. | Suraj Mandal | Godda | 1991–1996 |
| 5. | Binod Bihari Mahato | Giridih | 1991–1996 |
| 6. | Krishna Marandi | Singhbhum | 1991–1996 |
| 7. | Hemlal Murmu | Rajmahal | 2004–2009 |
| 8. | Tek Lal Mahto | Giridih | 2004–2009 |
| 9. | Sunil Kumar Mahato | Jamshedpur | 2004–2007 |
| 10. | Suman Mahato | Jamshedpur | 2007–2009 |
| 11. | Kameshwar Baitha | Palamu | 2009–2014 |
| 12. | Vijay Kumar Hansdak | Rajmahal | 2014–2019 |
| 2019–2024 | - | - | - |
| 2024–Incumbent | - | - | - |
| 13. | Nalin Soren | Dumka | 2024–Incumbent |
| 14. | Joba Majhi | Singhbhum | 2024–Incumbent |