Jawashighar
According to ibn Fadlan, the Jāwashīghar was an official in the Khazar government under the command of the Kündür Khagan, in turn under Khagan Bek's command. Ibn Fadlan did not describe the duties of this officer.
This title had been transcribed in different ways: Jāwshïghr or Jawshïghïr, Jāwshīghr, Jawshighir, Jawshīghīr and Jāwashīghar.
Scholarly theories to etymologize the title include:
- Douglas M. Dunlop hypothesized that the name derives from the phrase Chavush Uyghur or "Marshal of the Uyghurs";
- Golden proposed that Jāwshīghr might've been garbled from Jawašğır from javaš "gentle, mild" plus agentive suffix -ğır/''ğur, thus "the one who makes peace" ;
- Erdal reconstructed Čavïš-yïgar, meaning "the 'marshal' bringing together all the čavïš ";
- Klyashtorny reconstructed Čavšunqar "head of the royal falcon-hunting" and pointed to the Karakhanid title čavlï-beg''.