JGR Class 150
The JGR Class 150, also known in Japan as Locomotive No. 1, is a British-built tank steam locomotive of wheel arrangement, imported in 1871 by Meiji-era Japan for its first railway between Tokyo and Yokohama which opened in 1872. Locomotive No. 1 was Japan's first locomotive to run in regular service, operating on the Japanese Government Railways from 1872 to 1911 and on the private Shimabara Railway in Nagasaki Prefecture from 1911 to 1930, when it was retired and preserved for its historic importance. In 1997 it became Japan's first railway vehicle to be designated as a national Important Cultural Property. Today it is preserved in the Railway Museum in Saitama.
Design
Like the other locomotives first ordered for the Tokyo-Yokohama line, Locomotive No. 1 is a tank locomotive with side tanks, a rear coal bunker, and a wheel arrangement of, with modest-sized coupled driving wheels of in diameter. This configuration was popular at the time in Britain, Europe, and elsewhere for locomotives that would haul either passengers or freight over short runs, and also for shunting. No. 1 is a typical steam locomotive for its era, having two cylinders with no compounding or superheating, and equipped with the widely used Stephenson valve gear and a Salter-type spring balance safety valve for the boiler.During its long career, this locomotive was heavily modified, and for most of that time it looked considerably different from when it was first built.
History
Japan's first railway line was between Tokyo's original Shimbashi Station and the original Yokohama Station. For this line, ten locomotives of five different types were ordered in 1871 from builders in the United Kingdom, including one from Vulcan Foundry. Vulcan's locomotive, the only one of its type, was the first to arrive in Japan and was designated No. 1. Although the Shimbashi-Yokohama railway's official opening was on 14 October 1872, the locomotive may have entered service somewhat sooner, since provisional service on the railway began on 12 June 1872 between Tokyo's Shinagawa Station and Yokohama.The locomotive was used for both passenger and freight service. However, its performance was less than satisfactory, and it seems the railway struggled to improve it. Its mileage from August 1872 to June 1885 was ; this was slightly less than half that of locomotives no. 2–9 and about twice that of no. 10, which was said to have had the worst performance.
After being used between Shimbashi and Yokohama for about eight years, in November 1880 the locomotive was transferred to the Kobe area of what would later become the Tōkaidō Main Line. Between July 1884 and June 1885, several modifications were made to it at the Kobe works. The cab, which was originally quite open, was made more enclosed, and the boiler was raised by. The steam dome that was originally located just in front of the cab was moved to the middle of the boiler, and a whistle was installed in the dome's former position. In 1885, after this extensive remodeling, Locomotive No. 1 was sent to Handa in Aichi Prefecture and used to transport construction materials for the Nakasendō . In 1905, No. 1 was confirmed to be used exclusively for shunting in the Osaka area.
In Japan's first official locomotive classification in 1894, Locomotive No. 1 was assigned to Class E. In the 1898 classification by the Ministry of Railways, it was reassigned to Class A1. It was consistently numbered as "No. 1" to the end of the Railway Works Bureau in 1907. Following the enactment of the Railway Nationalization Act in 1906 and the creation of the Ministry of Railways, when this organization adopted new regulations in 1909 for numbering and classifying locomotives, the former "No. 1" became "No. 150" of Class 150.
On 1 April 1911, the locomotive was transferred to the private Shimabara Railway in Nagasaki Prefecture for the opening of their line; it was redesignated "No. 1" by that company and again used to haul both passengers and freight in general service. The company made several more alterations to it. They installed metal clamp fittings on the front smokebox door, like those on U.S. locomotives, and replaced the steam dome cover with a crude cylindrical one. The original square sandboxes that were located in front of the side tanks were removed, and between the dome and the whistle was installed a German-style sandbox.
At the beginning of the Shōwa era in the late 1920s, early railway journalist started a campaign to return the valuable Locomotive No. 1 to the Ministry of Railways and preserve it. As a result, in 1930 it was decided that No. 1 would be returned to the ministry, with No. 656 to be given in exchange, the exchange being made because Shimabara Railway thought No. 1 could still be put to good use. On 3 July 1930, a grand farewell ceremony for No. 1 was held at Isahaya Station in Nagasaki Prefecture, and the locomotive was handed over to the Ministry of Railways with a nobori banner reading "Sending off National Treasure Locomotive No. 1". At that time, Shimabara Railway's founder and then-president,, in order to express his gratitude for the locomotive's contributions during the company's early days, had a plaque installed on the left side tank with the handwritten inscription, "With overwhelming feelings of farewell". This plaque is still attached to the locomotive today.
Preservation
After Locomotive No. 1's return to the JGR, it was repaired at the in Saitama and temporarily exhibited in the "Railway Reference Items Display Site" located within the works. In 1936 it was moved to what was then called the Railway Museum near the Manseibashi bridge in Kanda, Tokyo, and statically preserved there. At one time, it had a steam dome cover taken from a, but this has since been removed. In addition, the German-style sandbox and other items attached during the Shimabara Railway era have also been removed, and the locomotive has been restored to its pre-Shimabara form. The paint color was black when it was first acquired; in 1971 it was repainted in a green background with yellow lining, reflecting the early days of the railway, but in 1984 it was again changed to black. The current paint job is described on an explanatory board as "a reproduction of the appearance around Meiji 30 ".In 1958 this locomotive was designated as the first. On 30 June 1997, it became the first railway vehicle to be designated by Japan as a national Important Cultural Property, under the Historical Materials category.
After the Transportation Museum closed on 14 May 2006, Locomotive No. 1 was moved to its current exhibition site, the present-day Railway Museum in Saitama which opened on 14 October 2007.