Interstate 84 in Oregon
Interstate 84 in the U.S. state of Oregon is a major Interstate Highway that traverses the state from west to east. It is concurrent with U.S. Route 30 for most of its length and runs from an interchange with I-5 in Portland to the Idaho state line near Ontario. The highway roughly follows the Columbia River and historic Oregon Trail in northeastern Oregon, and is designated as part of Columbia River Highway No. 2 and all of the Old Oregon Trail Highway No. 6; the entire length is also designated as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway. I-84 intersects several of the state's main north–south roads, including US 97, US 197, I-82, and US 395.
The freeway serves as the main east–west route through Portland and Gresham and continues into the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. It passes through the cities of Hood River and The Dalles within the gorge and also serves several state parks and natural monuments. Near Pendleton, it leaves the Columbia River and runs southeasterly across the Blue Mountains via La Grande and Baker City. I-84 crosses the Snake River at Ontario, continuing southeast towards Boise, Idaho.
I-84 was established in 1957 and originally carried the designation of Interstate 80N until 1980, when this was changed to I-84 to prevent confusion with the southerly I-80. The earliest sections of the freeway incorporated the existing Banfield Freeway between Portland and Troutdale, opened in 1955, and upgraded other parts of US 30 to Interstate standards. New roads were built through the Columbia River Gorge in the 1960s and across northeastern Oregon in the 1970s. The final section of I-84, near Baker City, was opened to traffic on July 3, 1975.
Route description
Interstate 84 is the longest freeway in Oregon, at over in length, and is the only Interstate to traverse the state from west to east. The highway connects the Portland metropolitan area to the Columbia River Gorge, the northeastern Columbia Plateau, and part of the Snake River Valley. As a component of the Interstate Highway System, I-84 is also designated as an important national highway under the National Highway System. It is officially named the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway and is mostly concurrent with US 30, which also carries part of the Columbia River Highway No. 2 and all of the Old Oregon Trail Highway No. 6 under Oregon's named route system.I-84 is maintained by the Oregon Department of Transportation, who conduct an annual survey of traffic volume that is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic, a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. The highway is the busiest in Oregon, with a daily average of over 177,000 vehicles in eastern Portland; while the least-traveled section of I-84, south of Baker City, only carries 9,400 vehicles. The highway's route through the Columbia River Gorge is considered one of the most scenic sections of the Interstate Highway System and is visited by 4.5 million tourists annually.
Portland area
Interstate 84 begins across from downtown Portland at an interchange with I-5 on the east bank of the Willamette River, between the Burnside and Steel bridges and adjacent to the Oregon Convention Center complex. The interchange is also the terminus of the Banfield Freeway, officially the T.H. Banfield Expressway, which carries I-84 and US 30 through eastern Portland along a railroad grade. The freeway travels northeast through Sullivan's Gulch, passing under the twin overpasses of Oregon Route 99E, which also carries the Portland Streetcar's Loop lines that serve the Eastside district of the city. At an interchange near the Lloyd Center and Holladay Park, the Banfield Freeway is joined by MAX Light Rail trains, which stop along stations on the north side of the freeway.I-84 serves several local interchanges, which often lack exits for both directions of the freeway, in the neighborhoods of Kerns, Hollywood, North Tabor, and Madison South while following the meandering gulch. After an interchange with OR 213, the freeway intersects the city's north–south bypass, I-205. The two freeways run parallel to each other for, with I-205 and the MAX Light Rail tracks to the west, the railroad and a multi-use path in the center, and I-84 on the east, along the east side of Rocky Butte. At Fremont Street, I-84 splits from I-205 and the MAX Light Rail tracks to continue east along Sandy Boulevard through the city's easternmost suburban neighborhoods. The freeway briefly enters northern Gresham and passes through the neighboring cities of Fairview and Wood Village before reaching Troutdale. It passes north of downtown Troutdale and crosses over the Sandy River near Troutdale Airport, entering the Sandy River Delta nature reserve.
Columbia Gorge
I-84 and US 30 emerge from the park at the south bank of the Columbia River, which it follows into the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area. The freeway runs east along the foot of the gorge, passing through several state parks and scenic viewpoints connected via the Historic Columbia River Highway, including Multnomah Falls—the second-tallest year-round waterfall in the United States and one of the state's most visited tourist destinations. I-84 runs opposite from Washington State Route 14 on the north bank of the river, which also carries Amtrak's Empire Builder passenger trains, and several large mountains that are visible from the freeway. The highway reaches the Bonneville Dam, where it provides the main access to the visitors center on Bradford Island, and passes three regional fish hatcheries. Adjacent to the dam, the freeway reaches a basalt cliff under Tooth Rock, which it traverses using a tunnel for the eastbound lanes and a viaduct for the westbound lanes that overhangs the river. Further upriver from the dam in Hood River County, I-84 intersects the Bridge of the Gods, a toll bridge near Cascade Locks and the first public crossing of the Columbia River east of the Portland area. The bridge also carries the Pacific Crest Trail, a transcontinental hiking trail that follows the crest of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges.From the bridge, I-84 briefly leaves the river's edge and travels around the south side of Cascade Locks, while US 30 splits from the freeway and runs through the town. The two highways are rejoined near Cascade Locks State Airport and return to the shore of the river near Government Cove. Near this area, the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs proposed to build a large casino and resort, which was rejected by various governments several times and abandoned in 2013. I-84 then continues into Hood River, situated in an open valley with a mix of farmland and suburban housing. US 30 leaves the freeway at Cascade Avenue and runs through the city's downtown, which lies just south of the freeway and railroad. The freeway intersects a downtown street on the west side of the Hood River, just north of the city's historic train depot on the Mount Hood Railroad, where excursion trains depart for Parkdale near Mount Hood. Across the river, I-84 is rejoined by US 30 and intersects OR 35, part of the Mount Hood Scenic Byway, at the south end of the Hood River Bridge. The toll bridge crosses the Columbia River and connects Hood River to White Salmon, Washington and has a regular toll of $2 per vehicle. The freeway continues southeast along the Bingen Gap and enters Wasco County near Kobert Beach.
Upon reaching Mosier, US 30 splits from I-84 and travels inland along the Historic Columbia River Highway while I-84 remains near the riverbank, passing through Memaloose State Park. The two highways run parallel to each other and the Union Pacific Railroad through Rowena and turn south while approaching The Dalles. The highways pass the Columbia Gorge Discovery Center & Museum and through the suburban areas of the city, separated from the river by an industrial park that includes a major data center for Google. The freeway returns to the river near downtown The Dalles, crossing southeast over US 30 twice as it remains on city streets. US 30 returns to I-84 east of The Dalles at an intersection with US 197, which travels south towards Bend and north across The Dalles Bridge to WA 14 near Dallesport, Washington. The freeway passes The Dalles Dam and continues northeast around the foot of Signal Hill and Kaser Ridge to Celilo Village, where it intersects OR 206. OR 206 continues along the south side of the freeway as both roads cross the Deschutes River into Sherman County and travels southeasterly towards Condon.
The Deschutes River marks the eastern end of the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area, though the gorge itself continues further northeast through the shrublands of the Columbia Plateau. I-84 and US 30 travel northeast to Biggs Junction, where it intersects US 97 at the south end of the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge, which continues across the river to Maryhill State Park in Maryhill—an early planned community by businessman Sam Hill that features a Stonehenge replica and had the first paved roads in the Northwest. US 97 also continues south from Biggs Junction to Bend and north to Goldendale and Yakima. The freeway continues northeast through Rufus and past the John Day Dam to the John Day River, where it crosses into Gilliam County.
Eastern Oregon
I-84 and US 30 continue east along the river, now the expanded Lake Umatilla, and reaches Arlington at the foot of Alkali Canyon. There, it intersects OR 19 in an interchange that is split into two halves by Earl Snell Memorial Park. OR 19 travels south to Columbia Ridge, a major landfill that serves Portland and Seattle, and the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. From Arlington, I-84 runs northeast along the edge of the Shepherds Flat Wind Farm, the second-largest wind farm in the United States, and intersects OR 74 at Willow Creek. After reaching Morrow County, the terrain opens into wide rangelands, including the Boardman Naval Weapons Training Facility that the freeway passes to the north. I-84 continues through the city of Boardman and turns southeast, leaving the river to intersect US 730 and pass under the Umatilla Army Depot, which is planned to be redeveloped into industrial land and a wildlife refuge.Formerly a poplar tree farm was planted in rows for along I-84 just east of Boardman and was considered a scenic sight and a community fixture. The trees were cut down in 2016 and other crops were planted.
At the southeast corner of the Army depot near Hermiston in Umatilla County, I-84 intersects the southern terminus of I-82, a freeway connecting northeastern Oregon to Washington's Tri-Cities, Yakima, and I-90. The freeway goes on to intersect OR 27 south of Hermiston and US 395 near Stanfield, forming a concurrency with the latter. From Stanfield, I-84, US 30, and US 395 continue southeast along the Umatilla River and the old Oregon Trail to Pendleton, which lies in a valley formed by the river. West of the city, near the Eastern Oregon Regional Airport, US 30 leaves the concurrency to run through downtown on city streets. After passing the Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution and crossing the river, US 395 splits from I-84 at Southgate, heading south towards John Day. I-84 continues around the south edge of Pendleton and intersects OR 11, a connecting highway to Walla Walla, Washington, before being rejoined by US 30. The freeway travels southeast through a portion of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, passing the on-reservation resort casino, and begins its ascent into the Blue Mountains.
The easternmost of I-84 includes several sharp curves and steep grades, along with winter weather that causes frequent closures and collisions. The westbound and eastbound lanes are split by a wide median for as I-84 climbs up a series of switchbacks on Cabbage Hill, which have a maximum grade of 5 to 6 percent. This section of the freeway also has an additional passing lane for uphill travel, runaway truck ramps on descending slopes, chain-up zones, water refills for truck radiators, and variable-message signage for weather conditions. I-84 cuts northeast across Emigrant Hill and turns south after Deadman Pass, traveling towards the Emigrant Springs State Heritage Area near Meacham, located in the Umatilla National Forest. Near Kamela, I-84 crosses the Blue Mountain summit, the second highest point of any freeway in the state at above sea level.
I-84 descends from the central Blue Mountains along Railroad Canyon, named for the Union Pacific line that runs through it, and reaches a junction with OR 244 at Hilgard Junction. From Hilgard, the highway travels east along the meandering Grande Ronde River to La Grande, seat of Union County and home to Eastern Oregon University. US 30 splits from I-84 and runs through downtown, while I-84 bypasses the city on its northeast side, crossing over the Grande Ronde River and intersecting OR 82. I-84 and US 30 are reunited southeast of the city at an interchange with OR 203, just west of the La Grande/Union County Airport. The freeway continues south through the Grande Ronde Valley to Ladd Canyon, which it follows while gently ascending part of Craig Mountain at the edge of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. I-84 then descends into a wide valley and splits from US 30 at an interchange with OR 237 in North Powder. The two highways continue south into Baker County, but are separated by the Powder River and Coyote Point. I-84 intersects OR 86 and the south end of OR 203 near Baker City Municipal Airport, at the edge of Baker City.
The freeway passes the east side of Baker City, intersecting OR 7, and continues south through a cut in the city's southeastern hill. I-84 and US 30 are rejoined and follow Sutton and Alder creeks southeast through Pleasant Valley, an area notorious for inclement weather due to its microclimate. The surrounding area is marked by gravel mines and dry shrubland that runs over the ridges formed by various streams. At Durkee, the freeway begins to follow the Burnt River, passing Rattlesnake Springs State Park, Weatherby, and Lime. I-84 leaves the Burnt River valley west of Huntington and continues southeast to the Farewell Bend State Recreation Area in northeastern Malheur County, where it briefly follows the Snake River. The freeway leaves the river at an interchange with OR 201 near Huffman Island and continues southeast across several cuts and embankments dug into an arm of the Blue Mountains. I-84 continues into the Payette Valley and intersects OR 201 in the northern outskirts of Ontario. The freeway continues along the Snake River, bypassing downtown Ontario to the north, and reaches an interchange with Idaho Avenue, where US 30 splits to cross into Fruitland, Idaho. I-84 travels south and passes Ontario's northbound welcome center, which receives up to 55,000 visitors annually, before crossing the Snake River into Idaho west of Fruitland. Within Idaho, I-84 travels east into the Treasure Valley and Magic Valley before continuing on towards Salt Lake City, Utah.