Independent circuit
In professional wrestling, the independent circuit is the collective name of independently owned promotions which are deemed to be smaller and more regionalized than major national promotions.
Independent promotions are essentially viewed as a minor league or farm system for the larger national promotions, as wrestlers in "indie" companies are usually honing their craft with the goal of being noticed and signed by a major national promotion such as WWE, All Elite Wrestling, or Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in the United States, Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide or Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in Mexico, or New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Dragongate, All Japan Pro Wrestling, World Wonder Ring Stardom or one of the CyberFight promotions in Japan. It is also not uncommon for veteran wrestlers who have had past tenures with major promotions to appear on independent shows, either as special attractions or as a way to prolong their careers as free agents. There are also plenty of wrestlers who also wish to not sign with any of the major promotions and therefore primarily depend on the independent circuit for work.
Origins
The "indie" scene in the United States dates back to the days of regional territories. When a promoter ran opposition in even one town controlled by a National Wrestling Alliance sanctioned territory, they were often called an "outlaw" territory. This is considered by some to be a forerunner to indies since some stars of the past got their start in these low quality local rivals to the big regional territories.The modern definition of the independent circuit came about in the mid to late 1980s and fully formed and flourished after 1990. These promotions initially sought to revive the feel of old school territorial wrestling after former territories either went national, such as WWF, went out of business, or eventually did both, such as WCW. Several indies did manage to tour different towns within a region and maintain a consistent schedule.
After Vince McMahon, seeking regulatory relief, gave in 1989 testimony in front of the New Jersey State Athletic Commission where he publicly admitted pro wrestling was a sports-based entertainment, rather than a true athletic competition, many state athletic commissions stopped regulating wrestling. This obviated the need for complying with many expensive requirements, such as the need for an on-site ambulance and trained emergency medical personnel at each bout. After the business was thus exposed and deregulated, just about anyone could be a promoter or a wrestler since no licensing beyond a business license was then required. Many thought they could save money by holding shows in smaller towns and smaller arenas with little to no televised exposure, leading to many shows being held only once a week or once a month in local towns.
By country
United States
Independent promotions are usually local in focus and, lacking national TV contracts, are much more dependent on revenue from house show attendance. Due to their lower budgets, most independent promotions offer low salaries. Most cannot afford to regularly rent large venues, and would not be able to attract a large enough crowd to fill such a venue were they able to do so. Instead, they make use of almost any open space to put on their performances. Some independent promotions are attached to professional wrestling schools, serving as a venue for students to gain experience in front of an audience. As independent matches are seldom televised, indie wrestlers who have not already gained recognition in other promotions tend to remain in obscurity. However, scouts from major promotions attend indie shows, and an indie wrestler who makes a good impression may be offered a developmental or even a full professional contract.The advent of the Internet has allowed independent wrestlers and promotions to reach a wider audience, and it is possible for wrestlers regularly working the indie circuit to gain some measure of fame among wrestling fans online. Additionally, some of the more successful indies have video distribution deals, giving them an additional source of income and allowing them to reach a larger audience outside of their local areas.
Canada
Australia
Unlike the North American or Japanese products which have large, globally renowned organisations such as WWE and New Japan Pro-Wrestling with several hundred smaller promotions, Australia only has approximately 30 smaller independent circuit promotions which exist in all but one of the states and territories, that being the Northern Territory. Tours from the North American product are regularly sold out in capital cities such as Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane.| No. | Promoter | Event | Location | Venue | Attendance | Main Event | - | |
| 1. | AWF | Wrestleriot | Melbourne, Victoria | Festival Hall | 4,000 | Jake Roberts vs. Jim Neidhart | - | |
| 2. | AWF | Wrestleriot 2 | Sydney, New South Wales | 3,500 | Road Warrior Hawk vs. Demolition Smash | - | ||
| 2. | AWF | Wrestleriot 2 | Melbourne, Victoria | 3,500 | Nailz vs. Big Boss Man | - | ||
| 2. | HRCW | High Risk Championship Wrestling TV | Melbourne, Victoria | Festival Hall | 3,500 | Nailz vs. Primo Carnera III | - | |
| 3. | WSW | International Incident | Melbourne, Victoria | 2,500+ | Jeff Jarrett vs. Rhino for the inaugural WSW Heavyweight Championship | - | ||
| 4. | AWF | Wrestleriot | Brisbane, Queensland | 2,200 | Jake Roberts vs. Jim Neidhart | - | ||
| 5. | WSW | International Assault Tour | Sydney, New South Wales | 2,100 | Rhino vs. Jeff Jarrett for the WSW Heavyweight Championship | - | ||
| 6. | AWF | Wrestleriot 2 | Adelaide, South Australia | 1,450 | Big Bossman vs. Nailz | - | ||
| 7. | WSW | International Assault Tour | Newcastle, New South Wales | 1,200+ | Rhino vs. Jeff Jarrett for the WSW Heavyweight Championship | - | ||
| 8. | AAP / HOH | HoH 28 | Sydney, New South Wales | Sydney Showground | 1,200 | Tommy Dreamer and Billy Gunn vs. The Young Bucks | - | |
| 8. | MCW | MCW 100 | Albert Park, Victoria | Melbourne Sports & Aquatic Centre | 1,200 | Slex vs. Will Ospreay for the MCW Intercommonwealth Championship | - | |
| 9. | OCW / HOH | HOH 15 | Burwood East, Victoria | Whitehorse Club | 1,100 | Andy Phoenix vs. KrackerJak vs. Carlito vs. Tommy Dreamer in a Number 1 contenders Fatal 4-Way match for the OCW Heavyweight Championship | - | |
| 9. | AAP / HOH | HOH 30 | Burwood East, Victoria | Whitehorse Club | 1,100 | MVP vs. Jack Swagger vs. Tommy Dreamer in a Three-Way Dance | - | |
| 10. | AWF | Wrestleriot | Adelaide, South Australia | 1,000 | Jake Roberts vs. Jim Neidhart | - | ||
| 10. | HRCW | Nailz vs. High Risk Warrior | Adelaide, South Australia | 1,000 | Nailz vs. High Risk Warrior | - | ||
| 10. | AWF | Psycho Slam Tour | Melbourne, Victoria | Camberwell Civic Centre | 1,000 | Sabu vs. Chris Candido | ||
| 10. | AWF | Supanova Sidney | Sydney, New South Wales | Sydney SuperDome | 1,000 | Spaceboy Dacey vs. Zander Bathory | - |
Mexico
Mexican professional wrestling has many more independent wrestlers in proportion to the rest of North America, because of the weight classes prevalent in the Mexican league system as well as its emphasis on multiple person tag matches; just about anyone with ability can emerge from an independent lucha libre promotion into either AAA or Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and be a champion there. Independent Mexican wrestlers may use a lot of gimmicks, including some that may be based on copyrighted characters from American television shows, such as Thundercats and X-Men.| No. | Promoter | Event | Location | Venue | Attendance | Main Event | |
| 1. | Toryumon Mexico | DragonMania III | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 17,000 | Ultimo Dragon, Mistico and Tatsumi Fujinami vs. Ultimo Guerrero, Atlantis and Rene Dupree | |
| 2. | Toryumon Mexico | DragonMania II | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 16,800 | Último Dragón, Mil Máscaras, Marco Corleone, and Kazuchika Okada vs. Yoshihiro Takayama, Minoru Suzuki, Último Guerrero and SUWA | |
| 3. | LLE | ALL Elite | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 15,000 | Dr. Wagner Jr. and La Sombra vs. L.A. Par-K and Volador Jr. | |
| 4. | TXT | Torneo Todo X El Todo | Naucalpan, Mexico | El Toreo de Cuatro Caminos | 12,000 | 16-man Torneo Todo X El Todo tournament | |
| 4. | Toryumon Mexico | DragonMania VIII | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 12,000 | Último Dragón, Atlantis and Rayo de Jalisco Jr. vs. Último Guerrero, Hajime Ohara and Mike Knox | |
| 4. | LLE | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 12,000 | Rayo de Jalisco Jr., Octagón and Atlantis vs. Los Hermanos Dinamita | ||
| 5. | — | Lucha de Leyendas | Mérida, Mexico | El Poliforo Zamná | 11,500 | El Hijo del Santo vs. Blue Demon Jr. | |
| 6. | LL-VIP | Monterrey, Nuevo Leon | La Arena Monterrey | 10,500+ | Atlantis vs. Blue Panther vs. Místico vs. Último Guerrero vs. Villano V vs. Tigre Universitario in a 6-way Mask vs. Mask match | ||
| 7. | Toryumon Mexico | DragonMania V | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 10,000+ | Mil Máscaras, Tatsumi Fujinami, Último Dragón and Brazo de Plata vs. Rey Bucanero, Chuck Palumbo, Atlantis and Arkángel de la Muerte | |
| 8. | Toryumon Mexico | DragonMania XI | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 10,000 | Ultimo Dragon, Octagon and Caristico vs. Fuerza Guerrera, Tiger Ali and Mephisto | |
| 9. | Toryumon Mexico | DragonManía | Mexico City, Mexico | Arena Mexico | 9,914 | Último Dragón, Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and Tigre Enmascarado vs. Los Guerreros del Infierno | |
| 10. | The Crash | The Crash in San Luis Potosí | San Luis Potosí City, San Luis Potosí | El Domo de San Luis | 9,000 | Rey Misterio Jr., Blue Demon Jr. and Rey Fénix vs. La Máscara, M-ximo and Rey Escorpión |
Japan
Until 1984, no independent puroresu promotion per se existed in Japan; potential talent went directly into the training dojos of either New Japan Pro-Wrestling or All Japan Pro Wrestling. The advent of the Japanese Universal Wrestling Federation offered a long-sought third alternative.From 1986 to 1988 the Japanese system went back to the two-promotion system, but then the UWF was reformed and another promotion, Pioneer Senshi, was started. Because of Japanese societal mores which implied that a wrestler was a lifelong employee of a company and thus identified with it wherever he went, neither AJPW nor NJPW made an effort to acquire wrestlers trained in other promotions; wrestlers from the major promotions who left, such as Genichiro Tenryu, Gran Hamada, Yoshiaki Fujiwara, Akira Maeda, Atsushi Onita, and Nobuhiko Takada had to start their own independent promotions in order to keep themselves in the limelight .
As the 1990s ended, though, things began to change. Independent promotions began gaining more prominence as they were featured in major specialized media such as Shukan Puroresu and Shukan Gong magazines. With the death of Giant Baba and retirement of Antonio Inoki, which effectively broke their control over the promotions they founded, the major promotions began looking to the smaller promotions for talent.
In 2000, the first major signing from an independent, Minoru Tanaka by NJPW from BattlARTS, took place; soon after NJPW stocked the junior heavyweight division with independent talent such as Masayuki Naruse, Tiger Mask, Gedo, and Jado. On the same year, following the Pro Wrestling Noah split, AJPW was forced to fill its ranks with independent talent; Nobutaka Araya, Shigeo Okumura and Mitsuya Nagai signed up
Noah admitted one wrestler from the independents, Daisuke Ikeda, to its ranks as well. Although AJPW, NJPW, and Noah remain committed to their dojos, the reliance on independents is growing as obscure talent is recognized for its ability.
United Kingdom
For most of the years of ITV's coverage of British Wrestling, the dominant promoter in the United Kingdom was the Joint Promotions cartel, which was originally modelled on the NWA and later amalgamated into a single company. Nonetheless, throughout this period, untelevised alternative promotions flourished with at least one significant competitor to Joint for live shows.Initially the main rival was the former dominant promotion in the territory, Atholl Oakley's BWA. By the time of its demise, wrestler/promoter Paul Lincoln had established himself as a major promoter with shows featuring himself as headline heel. In 1958, when Bert Assirati was stripped of the British Heavyweight Championship, Lincoln formed the BWF alliance of promoters to support Assirati's claim, later recognising Shirley Crabtree as champion. Lincoln's BWF was eventually bought out into Joint in 1970.
Welsh promoter Orig Williams also used the BWF name, promoting from the late 1960s up until the early 2000s and then sporadically until his death in 2009. From 1982 to 1995, Williams had a Welsh language TV wrestling show "Reslo" on S4C. Brian Dixon, a referee for Williams, set up his own company Wrestling Enterprises of Birkenhead later renamed All Star Wrestling. An alliance with promoter and former top star Jackie Pallo failed to prevent Joint gaining a five-year extension on its TV wrestling monopoly from January 1982 to December 1986.
However, by the mid-1980s Dixon had won over many wrestlers and fans from Joint who were tired of the Big Daddy-orientated direction of Joint. Eventually this culminated in All Star gaining a TV show on satellite channel Screensport and later, a slice of ITV's coverage from 1987 until the end of ITV wrestling in 1988. By the end of this period, All Star had effectively replaced Joint as the dominant promotion in the UK.
Joint, renamed Ring Wrestling Stars in 1991, dwindled down before closing with Crabtree's retirement in 1995, All Star has continued to be the dominant non-import live promotion in the UK up to the present day. Its principal competitors since that time have been Scott Conway's TWA, John Freemantle's Premier Promotions, RBW and LDN Wrestling. Since the 1990s there have also been numerous American-style "New School" promotions.
| No. | Promoter | Event | Location | Venue | Attendance | Main Event | |
| 1. | ICW | Fear & Loathing IX | Glasgow, Scotland | The SSE Hydro | 6,193 | Joe Coffey vs. Kurt Angle | |
| 2. | PROGRESS | PROGRESS Chapter 76: Hello Wembley! | London, England | SSE Wembley Arena | 4,750 | WALTER vs. Tyler Bate for the PROGRESS World Championship | |
| 3. | ICW | Fear & Loathing X | Glasgow, Scotland | The SSE Hydro | 4,500 | Joe Coffey vs. BT Gunn in a Champion vs. Champion match for the ICW World Heavyweight Championship and ICW Zero G Championship | |
| 4. | RevPro | RevPro 11th Anniversary Show | London, England | Copper Box Arena | 4,072 | Will Ospreay vs. Shingo Takagi | |
| 5. | PCW | Tribute to the Troops | Preston, England | Harris Flights | 4,000 | Joey Hayes vs. Carlito for the PCW Heavyweight Championship | |
| 5. | ICW | Fear & Loathing VIII | Glasgow, Scotland | Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre | 4,000 | Drew Galloway vs. Grado for the ICW World Heavyweight Championship | |
| 6. | TWC / FWA | International Showdown | Coventry, England | Coventry Skydome | 3,400 | Christopher Daniels vs. AJ Styles for the TNA X-Division Championship | |
| 7. | RevPro / NJPW | Strong Style Evolved UK | Manchester, England | Silver Blades Altrincham | 3,000 | Tomohiro Ishii vs. Minoru Suzuki for the RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship | |
| 8. | RevPro / NJPW | Strong Style Evolved UK | Milton Keynes, England | Planet Ice Milton Keynes | 2,546 | Suzuki-gun vs. CHAOS for the RevPro Undisputed British Tag Team Championship | |
| 9. | WCPW | True Legacy | Manchester, England | Silver Blades Altrincham | 2,500+ | Kurt Angle vs. Cody Rhodes | |
| 10. | PROGRESS | PROGRESS Chapter 36: We're Gonna Need A Bigger Room... Again | London, England | O2 Academy Brixton | 2,400 | Marty Scurll vs. Mark Haskins vs. Tommy End in a Three-Way Dance for the PROGRESS World Championship |
Attendance records
Note: Minimum attendance of 5,000.- Light Grey indicates event was a free show and/or held at a major public gathering.
Historical
| No. | Promoter | Event | Location | Venue | Attendance | Main Event | |
| 1. | PMG | Clash of the Legends | Memphis, Tennessee | FedEx Forum | 6,000? | Hulk Hogan vs. Paul Wight | |
| 2. | ECW | Heat Wave | Los Angeles, California | Grand Olympic Auditorium | 5,700 | Justin Credible vs. Tommy Dreamer in a Stairway to Hell match for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship | |
| 3. | NWA | NWA New Jersey vs. NWA Pro | Newark, New Jersey | JFK Recreation Center | 5,500 | Apollo vs. Dimitrios Papadon for the NWA North American Heavyweight Championship | |
| 4. | NEPW | NEPW at the Lake County Fairgrounds | Painesville, Ohio | Lake County Fairgrounds | 5,000 | Julio Dinero vs. Dick Trimmins | |
| 4. | WXW | Sportsfest | Allentown, Pennsylvania | Cedar Beach Park | 5,000 | Rapid Fire Maldonado vs. Mana the Polynesian Warrior for the WXW Heavyweight Championship | |
| 4. | MW | Throwback Night II | Memphis, Tennessee | Mid-South Coliseum | 5,000 | Terry Funk and Corey Maclin vs. Jerry Lawler and Jimmy Hart with Jimmy Valiant as special referee | |
| 4. | ASW | Dukes of Hazzard Festival | Nashville, Tennessee | Music City Motorplex | 5,000 | Iron Cross, Bobby Houston and Jerry Lawler vs. Stan Lee, Eddie Golden and K.C. Thunder | |
| 5. | ECW | Guilty as Charged | Birmingham, Alabama | Boutwell Memorial Auditorium | 4,700 | Mike Awesome vs. Spike Dudley for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship | |
| 5. | — | Clash of the Legends | Memphis, Tennessee | Mid-South Coliseum | 4,700 | Jerry Lawler vs. Lord Humongous with Lance Russell as special referee | |
| 6. | ECW | Anarchy Rulz | Saint Paul, Minnesota | Roy Wilkins Auditorium | 4,600 | Justin Credible vs. Jerry Lynn for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship | |
| 6. | ECW | November to Remember | Villa Park, Illinois | Odeum Expo Center | 4,600 | Jerry Lynn vs. Steve Corino vs. Justin Credible vs. The Sandman and in a Double Jeopardy match for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship | |
| 7. | MW | Throwback Night | Memphis, Tennessee | Mid-South Coliseum | 3,758 | Jerry Lawler and Jimmy Hart vs. Corey Maclin and Kamala | |
| 8. | ECW | ECW on TNN | Buffalo, New York | Flickinger Center | 3,700 | Super Crazy vs. Yoshihiro Tajiri and Little Guido in a 3-Way Dance match for the ECW World Television Championship | |
| 9. | ECW | ECW on TNN | Villa Park, Illinois | Odeum Sports & Expo Center | 3,500 | Justin Credible vs. The Sandman for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship | |
| 9. | MW | Throwback Night III: A Nightmare in Memphis | Memphis, Tennessee | Mid-South Coliseum | 3,500 | Jerry Lawler and The Rock 'n' Roll Express vs. Corey Maclin, Stan Lane and Jackie Fargo | |
| 10. | ECW | Hardcore Heaven | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | The Rave | 3,400 | Justin Credible vs. Lance Storm and Tommy Dreamer in a 3-Way Dance match for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship |
| No. | Promoter | Event | Location | Venue | Attendance | Main Event | |
| 1. | — | All In | Hoffman Estates, Illinois | Sears Centre Arena | 11,263 | The Golden Elite vs. Bandido, Rey Fénix and Rey Mysterio in a six-man tag team match | |
| 2. | FMLL | Luchamania USA | Los Angeles, California | Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena | 7,000 | Blue Demon Jr., Cien Caras Jr. and Dr. Wagner Jr. vs. El Hijo del Santo, L.A. Par-K and Rayo de Jalisco Jr. in a six-man tag team match | |
| 3. | JCW | Take Me Home Charity Show | Detroit, Michigan | Detroit Masonic Temple | 4,500 | 2 Tuff Tony vs. The Weedman for the JCW Heavyweight Championship | |
| 4. | JCW | Hatchet Attacks | Southgate, Michigan | The Modern Exchange | 4,311 | Corporal Robinson vs. Ian Rotten in a Barbed Wire, Tables, Ladders & Glass match for the JCW Heavyweight Championship | |
| 5. | WCE | WrestleCade 5: The Final 3 Count | Winston-Salem, North Carolina | Benton Convention Center | 4,000 | Matt Hardy vs. Ryback for the WrestleCade Championship | |
| 6. | NEW | Six Flags Slam Fest | Jackson, New Jersey | Six Flags Great Adventure Theme Park | 3,700 | Jon Moxley vs. Caz XL | |
| 7. | CWI | Brawl at the Bush II | Brantford, Ontario | Brantford Civic Center | 3,600 | Haven, Lanny Poffo, Brutus Beefcake and Bushwhacker Luke vs. Big Daddy Hammer, Virgil and The Nasty Boys in a Survivor Series elimination match | |
| 8. | — | Chicago, Illinois | Congress Theatre | 3,500 | Blue Demon Jr., Imágen Nocturna and Piloto Suicida vs. L.A. Par-K, El Hijo del Santo and Rayo de Jalisco Jr. | ||
| 8. | LU | Austin Warfare | Austin, Texas | Austin Music Hall | 3,500 | Cage, Prince Puma and Rey Mysterio Jr. vs. Jack Evans, Johnny Mundo and PJ Black | |
| 8. | ROH | Supercard of Honor XI | Lakeland, Florida | Lakeland Center | 3,500 | Christopher Daniels vs. Dalton Castle for the ROH World Championship | |
| 9. | NEW | Wrestling under the Stars | Wappingers Falls, New York | Dutchess Stadium | 3,341 | Rey Mysterio Jr. and Alberto El Patrón vs. The Young Bucks | |
| 10. | NEW | Wrestlefest | Waterbury, Connecticut | Crosby High School | 3,300 | Kurt Angle vs. Cody Rhodes in a Steel Cage match |