Idiophone
An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air flow, strings, membranes or electricity. It is the first of the four main divisions in the original Hornbostel–Sachs system of musical instrument classification. The early classification of Victor-Charles Mahillon called this group of instruments autophones. The most common are struck idiophones, or concussion idiophones, which are made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand or indirectly, with scraping or shaking motions. Various types of bells fall into both categories. A common plucked idiophone is the Jew's harp.
According to Sachs, idiophones
Etymology
The word is from Ancient Greek, a combination of idio- and -phone.Categories
Most percussion instruments that are not drums are idiophones. Hornbostel–Sachs divides idiophones into four main sub-categories. The first division is the struck idiophones. This includes most of the non-drum percussion instruments familiar in the West. They include all idiophones made to vibrate by being struck, either directly with a stick or hand or indirectly, by way of a scraping or shaking motion. Various types of bells fall into both categories.The other three subdivisions are rarer. They are plucked idiophones, such as the Jew's harp, amplified cactus, kouxian, dan moi, music box and mbira ; blown idiophones, of which there are a very small number of examples, the Aeolsklavier being one; and friction idiophones, such as the singing bowl, glass harmonica, glass harp, turntable, verrophone, daxophone, styrophone, musical saw, and nail violin.
Other classifications use six main sub-categories.
- Concussion idiophones are instruments that produce sound by being struck against one another.
- Percussion idiophones produce sound by being struck with a non-vibrating foreign object. Examples of non-vibrating objects are mallets, hammers, and sticks.
- Rattle idiophones are shaken.
- Scraper idiophones are instruments that are scraped with a stick or other foreign objects to give off a sound.
- Plucked idiophones produce sound by plucking a flexible tongue from within the instrument itself.
- Friction idiophones are rubbed to increase vibration and sound intensity.
Design
Most idiophones are made of glass, metal, ceramics, and wood. They are considered part of the percussion section in an orchestra.A number of idiophones that are normally struck, such as vibraphone bars and cymbals, can also be bowed.