Ibid.


Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word , meaning "in the same place", commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to Idem, literally meaning "the same", abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal citation.
Ibid. may also be used in the Harvard system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material. The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.
Some academic publishers now prefer that "ibid." not be italicized, as it is a commonly found term. Since ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are omitted, it takes a full stop in both British and American usage.

Example



Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. , as in reference 5.

Cultural references