Hauptmann
Hauptmann is an officer rank in the armies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It is usually translated as captain.
Background
While Haupt in contemporary German means 'main', it also has, and originally had, the meaning of 'head', i.e. Hauptmann literally translates to 'head-man', which is also the etymological root of captain.This rank is equivalent to the rank of captain in the British and US Armies, and is rated OF-2 in NATO.
Currently, there is no female form within the German military : the correct form of address is "Frau Hauptmann."
More generally, a Hauptmann can be the head of any hierarchically structured group of people, often as a compound word. For example, a Feuerwehrhauptmann is the captain of a fire brigade, while Räuberhauptmann refers to the leader of a gang of robbers.
Official Austrian and German titles incorporating the word include Landeshauptmann, Bezirkshauptmann, Burghauptmann, and Berghauptmann.
In Saxony during the Weimar Republic, the titles of Kreishauptmann, and Amtshauptmann were held by senior civil servants.
Hauptmann is cognate with the Swedish hövitsman, which also has the root meaning 'head-man' or 'the man at the head', and is closely related to hövding, meaning 'chieftain'. Since medieval times, both titles have been used for state administrators rather than military personnel. Heubtmann may also be the origin of the title hetman, used in Central and Eastern Europe.