Haplogroup C (mtDNA)


In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia some 24,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M. Haplogroup C shares six mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with haplogroup Z and five mutations downstream of the MRCA of haplogroup M with other members of haplogroup M8. This macro-haplogroup is known as haplogroup M8'CZ or simply as haplogroup M8.

Distribution

Haplogroup C is found in Northeast Asia and the Americas. In Eurasia, Haplogroup C is especially frequent among populations of arctic Siberia, such as Nganasans, Dolgans, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and Koryaks. Haplogroup C is one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being [Haplogroup Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A (mtDNA)|A], B, D, and X. The subclades C1b, C1c, C1d, and C4c are found in the first people of the Americas. C1a is found only in Asia.
In 2010, Icelandic researchers discovered C1e lineage in their home country, estimating an introduction date of year 1700 AD or earlier, indicating a possible introduction during the Viking expeditions to the Americas. A Native American origin for this C1e lineage is likely, but the researchers note that a European or Asian one cannot be ruled out.
In 2014, a study discovered a new mtDNA subclade C1f from the remains of 3 people found in north-western Russia and dated to 7,500 years ago. It has not been detected in modern populations. The study proposed the hypothesis that the sister C1e and C1f subclades had split early from the most recent common ancestor of the C1 clade and had evolved independently. Subclade C1e had a northern European origin. Iceland was settled by the Vikings 1,130 years ago and they had raided heavily into western Russia, where the sister subclade C1f is now known to have resided. They proposed that both subclades were brought to Iceland through the Vikings, however C1e went extinct on mainland northern Europe due to population turnover and its small representation, and subclade C1f went extinct completely.
In 2015, a study conducted in the Aconcagua mummy identified its mtDNA lineage belongs to the subclade C1bi, which contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
  • CZ
  • *C - China, Korea, Russia, India
  • **C1 - Paraguay, ancient DNA from specimen I0061
  • ***C1a
  • ****C1a* – Ulchi, Nanai, Daur, Mongol
  • ****C1a1 – Buryat, Kyrgyz
  • ****C1a2 – Japan
  • ***C1b
  • ****C1b*
  • ****C1b1
  • *****C1b1*
  • *****C1b1a
  • ******C1b1a* – Mexican American
  • ******C1b1a1 – Mexican American
  • *****C1b1b – Native American, Mexican American
  • ****C1b2
  • *****C1b2* – Peru, Paraguay
  • *****C1b2a – Peru
  • *****C1b2b – Colombia
  • *****C1b2c
  • ******C1b2c* – USA, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Spain
  • ******C1b2c1 – Paraguay
  • ****C1b3
  • *****C1b3* – Peru
  • *****C1b3a - Indonesia
  • ******C1b3a* – Peru
  • ******C1b3a1 – Argentina
  • ****C1b4 – Ecuador, Peru, USA
  • ****C1b5
  • ***C1c
  • ****C1c1
  • ****C1c2
  • ***C1d – Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, United States, Canada
  • ****C1d1
  • ****C1d2 – Colombia
  • *****C1d2a – Colombia
  • ***C1e – Iceland
  • ***C1f – Pamiri Tajik, India, Scotland, Italy, Mesolithic NW Russia
  • ***C1g – Mesolithic NW Russia
  • **C4 – Upper Palaeolithic Ust-Kyakhta, Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast, Late Neolithic-Iron Age Yakutia, Tubalar, Todzhin, Yukaghir, Yukaghir/Chuvan, Russian, Myanmar
  • ***C4a'b'c - Irkutsk Oblast, India
  • ****C4a – China
  • *****C4a1 – Mongol from Chifeng and Hulunbuir, Tashkurgan, Czech Republic, Denmark
  • ******C4a1a – Korea, China, Uyghur, Buryat, Denmark, Sweden, France, Scotland, Canada
  • *******C4a1a1
  • ********C4a1a1a
  • *********C4a1a1a1 - Lepcha, Sherpa
  • *********C4a1a1a2 - Lachungpa
  • *********C4a1a1a3 - Wancho
  • ********C4a1a1b - Poland, Finland
  • *******C-T195C! – Ireland, Scotland, England, USA, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan, India, China, Korea
  • ********C4a1a2 – China
  • *********C4a1a2a – China
  • *********C4a1a2b
  • **********C4a1a2b1 - China
  • **********C4a1a2b2 - Uyghur
  • ********C4a1a3 – Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast, Russian, Koryak, Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk, Even, Udinsk Buryat, Todzhin, Altai Kizhi, Iran, Sweden
  • *********C4a1a3a – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Nentsi
  • **********C4a1a3a1 – Yakut, Nganasan
  • ***********C4a1a3a1a - Evenk
  • ***********C4a1a3a1b - Tofalar
  • *********C4a1a3b – Bargut, Uyghur
  • **********C4a1a3b1 - Chelkan, Tubalar
  • *********C4a1a3c – Evenk
  • *********C4a1a3d – Yakut
  • ********C4a1a4 – Buryat, Kazakhstan
  • *********C4a1a4a – Evenk, Shor
  • *******C4a1a5 – Teleut, Ladakh
  • *******C4a1a6
  • ********C4a1a6a - Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia
  • ********C4a1a6b - Buryat, Uyghur
  • *******C4a1a7 - Denmark
  • ******C4a1b – China, Thailand
  • ******C4a1c - Russia, Iran, China
  • *****C4a2
  • ******C4a2a – Yakut, Evenk
  • *******C4a2a1 – Bronze Age Irkutsk Oblast, Shor, Chelkan, Teleut, Altai Kizhi, Yakut, Kazakh, Ket, Evenk, Buryat, China, Korea
  • ********C4a2a1a – Yukaghir, Yakut, Evenk, Even
  • ********C4a2a1b – Evenk, Yakut
  • *********C4a2a1b1 - Evenk
  • ********C4a2a1c - China, Buryat, Todzhin, Karanogay
  • *********C4a2a1c1 - Tofalar, Khamnigan
  • *********C4a2a1c2 - Uyghurs
  • ********C4a2a1d - Uyghurs
  • *********C4a2a1d1 - Udinsk Buryat, Tofalar, Evenk
  • *********C4a2a1d2 - Evenk, Evenk/Nivkh
  • ********C4a2a1e - Bargut, Buryat
  • ********C4a2a1f - Buryat
  • ********C4a2a1g - Ket
  • ******C4a2b – Tibet, Korea
  • *******C4a2b1 – Wancho
  • *******C4a2b2 – China
  • ********C4a2b2a – Tibet
  • ******C4a2c – Bargut
  • *******C4a2c1 – India
  • *******C4a2c2 – Lepcha
  • ********C4a2c2a – Ladakh
  • ****C4b – Mongol from Jilin and Hulunbuir, Yukaghir, Altai Kizhi, Ukraine, Slovakia
  • *****C4b1 – Yukaghir, Buryat, Mongol from Jilin
  • ******C4b1a – Bargut
  • ******C4b1b – Evenk, Buryat
  • *****C4b2 – Koryak
  • ******C4b2a – Koryak, Chukchi
  • *****C4b3 – Yakut, Altai Kizhi
  • ******C4b3a – Yukaghir, Even, Mongol from Xilingol
  • *******C4b3a1 – Yukaghir
  • ******C4b3b – Buryat, Evenk
  • *****C4b5 – Khamnigan, Buryat
  • *****C4b6 – Altai Kizhi, Tubalar
  • *****C4b7 – Yukaghir
  • *****C4b8 – Yakut
  • ******C4b8a – Nganasan
  • ****C4c – Ijka
  • *****C4c1 – Sioux, Shuswap, Canada, USA, France, Spain
  • ******C4c1a – Cherokee
  • ******C4c1b – Chippewa, Ottawa or Chippewa, Canada
  • *****C4c2 – Métis, USA
  • ***C4-T152C! – Russia, England
  • ****C4-T152C!-A12780G - Uyghur
  • *****C4d – Turkey, Tibet, Thailand, Han from Beijing, Mongol from Tongliao
  • ****C4-T152C!-T4742C - Altai Republic, Uyghur
  • *****C4-T152C!-T4742C-T16093C - Kyrgyz, Tibet
  • *****C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C - Sarikoli, Burusho
  • *****C4-T152C!-T4742C-T8602C-G11176A - Pamiri
  • ****C4e – Teleut, Shor
  • **C5 – India
  • ***C5a – Azeri
  • ****C5a1 – Mongol, Bargut, Buryat, Xibo, Kazakhstan
  • *****C5a1a - Khanty, Altai Kizhi
  • *****C5a1b - Even, Ulchi
  • *****C5a1c - Yakut, Khamnigan
  • *****C5a1d - Buryat
  • *****C5a1e - Uyghur
  • *****C5a1f - Uyghur
  • ****C5a2
  • *****C5a2a – Buryat, Turkey
  • ******C5a2a1 - Evenk
  • *****C5a2b – Yukaghir, Koryak, Chukchi, Evenk, Even
  • ******C5a2b1 – Koryak
  • ***C5b – Poland
  • ****C5b1 – Mongol, Buryat, Tofalar, Todjin, Tuvan, Sojot, Ladakh, Japan
  • *****C5b1a – Evenk
  • ******C5b1a1 – Nganasan, Yakut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Kyrgyz
  • *******C5b1a1a - Tofalar, Todzhi-Tuva, Buryat
  • ******C5b1a2 - Altai Kizhi, Irtysh-Barabinsk Tatar
  • *****C5b1b – Khakas
  • ******C5b1b* – Buryat, Russia, Bulgaria
  • ******C5b1b1 – Yakut
  • *******C5b1b1a - Yakut, Even, Evenk, Russian
  • ******C5b1b2 - Uyghur
  • ***C5-T16093C – Japan, Korea, Han
  • ****C5c – Tubalar, Teleut, Afghanistan, Persian, Czech Republic
  • *****C5c-C16234T – Kurd, Armenia, Turkey, Kuwait
  • ******C5c1 – Poland, Sweden, Greece
  • *******C5c1a – Russian, Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, USA, Canada
  • ****C5d – China, Vietnam
  • *****C5d1 – Altai Kizhi, Tuvan, Evenk, Yukaghir
  • *****C5d2 – Khamnigan, China
  • **C7 – South Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam
  • ***C7a – Han, Uyghur, Taiwan, Lahu, Thailand, Vietnam
  • ****C7a1 – China, Mongol, Taiwan, USA, Korea
  • *****C7a1a – Thailand
  • ******C7a1a1 – Wancho
  • ******C7a1a2 – Dirang Monpa
  • *****C7a1b – Northern Thailand, Vietnam
  • *****C7a1c – Uyghurs, Mongol, Chinese, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam
  • ******C7a1c1 – Evenk, Uyghur
  • *****C7a1d – Wancho
  • *****C7a1f – Thailand
  • ******C7a1f1 – Thailand
  • *******C7a1f1a – Thailand
  • ****C7a2 – China, Dai, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar
  • *****C7a2a – China, Taiwan
  • ****C7a3
  • ****C7a4
  • ****C7a5
  • ****C7a6
  • ***C7-A16051G – Bargut
  • ****C7b – Gallong, Naxi, Ukraine, Moldova, Austria
  • ***C7c – Korea
  • ***C7d – Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia
  • ***C7e – Cambodia, Thailand

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