Glossary of Japanese history

A

• ashigaru – feudal foot soldiers drawn from the peasant or commoner class, rather than from the samurai hereditary warrior class.
• Ashikaga – bushi clan from Kamakura whose members ruled as shōguns over Japan from 1336 to 1573.

B

• bakufu – a shōguns government; commonly called "shogunate" in English.bettō – the head of a civilian, military or religious institution.
• bugyō – a magistrate. Examples include the Edo period machibugyō who administered the city during the Edo period.
• bushi – a member of the warrior class.
• bushidō – purported warrior code of honor, analogous to Western chivalry.

C

• chōnin - a social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period. The majority of chōnin were merchants, but some were craftsmen, as well.

D

E

• Eikyō Rebellion – Ashikaga Mochiuji's 1439 rebellion against the Ashikaga shogunate. See also the article Kantō kubō.

F

• fudai daimyō – a daimyō who was a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara. See also tozama daimyō.

G

• gaikoku bugyō – commissioners appointed to oversee foreign trade and relations between 1858 and 1868.
• Genkō War – a civil war which marked the fall of the Kamakura shogunate and end of the power of the Hōjō clan
• Genpei War – a conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans and in late-Heian period Japan that resulted with the defeat of the Taira.
• genrō – unofficial term for retired Japanese statesmen considered "founding fathers" of modern Japan who served as informal advisors to the emperor during the Meiji and Taishō periods.gokenin – A vassal of the shōgun during the Kamakura, Ashikaga and Tokugawa shogunates.
• Gosanke – Three branches of the Tokugawa clan from which a shōgun might be chosen if the main line became extinct. Established by Tokugawa Ieyasu in the early Edo period. They were the daimyō of the Owari (or Bishū), Kii (or Kishū), and Mito Han.
• Gosankyō – Three branches of the Tokugawa clan from which a shōgun might be chosen if the main line became extinct. Established by Tokugawa Yoshimune in the middle of the Edo period.gosho – The Emperor's throne or his residence. The residence of a member of the Imperial family, and a term to indicate those members. The residence of a prince or shōgun, and a term for prince or shōgun.
• gōzoku – local samurai clans with significant local land holdings.

H

• haibutsu kishaku – anti-Buddhist violence, in particular that of the early Meiji period. See also shinbutsu bunri.
• haimyō – a "haiku pen-name". It was common in the Edo period for artists, writers, kabuki actors and others to take part in poetry circles and to take on pen-names under which they would compose poetry or create related works, such as haiga paintings.
• han – feudal fiefs; the land owned and controlled by a noble lord or clan.
• hansatsu – scrip issued by a han.
• Hatamoto - high-ranking direct retainers of the Tokugawa shogunate
• Heian
• * Heian-kyō – capital of Japan from 794 to 1185; located in present-day Kyoto.
• * Heian period – historical period during which capital was located at Heian-kyō.
• Hiki Yoshikazu's rebellion – Hiki Yoshikazu's rebellion against the Hōjō clan.
• Hōjō clan – branch of the Taira clan that ruled Japan from Kamakura during the Kamakura period. Not to be confused with the Later Hōjō clan.
• Hōkōshū – During the Muromachi period, the Gokenin part of the shōguns personal army. They constituted five uits were in service from the time of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu to that of Ashikaga Yoshinori. The KantōkKubō had his own Hōkōshū, which were an important part of his power base.

J

• jitō – shōgun-appointed officials that managed shōen during the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates.
• Jōkyū War – a 1221 war between Emperor Go-Toba and the Kamakura shogunate.

K

• kaikin – "maritime prohibitions" imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate from roughly 1635 to 1853. See also hai jin, sakoku.
• Kami - are the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped in the religion of Shinto.
• Kamikaze – were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who initiated suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan. It also means "divine wind" or "spirit wind".
• kampaku – an Imperial regent who served a number of functions, including chief advisor and secretary.
• Kannō disturbance, also called Kannō incident – a 1350 factional struggle with serious consequences pitting Ashikaga Tadayoshi, Takauji's brother, against the Kō brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu. See also the article Nanboku-chō period.
• kanrei - a high political post of the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates. Originally called shitsuji.
• kenin – one of the lower castes under the ritsuryō system. Also a direct vassal of the shōgun during the Kamakura period.
• Kentō-shi – mission to Tang China for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan.
• Kenzui-shi – mission to Sui China for importing the technologies and culture of China to Japan.
• koku – an amount of rice equal to the amount one man eats in a year; used in feudal times as a measurement of income and of wealth.
• Koga kubō – title arbitrarily assumed by Ashikaga Shigeuji after his escape from Kamakura to the city of Koga, Ibaraki.
• kubō – shōgun. Title later also assumed by the Kantō kanrei, who became known as Kantō kubō.kugyō – a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
• Kyōtoku Incident – a long series of skirmishes and conflicts fought for control of the Kantō region of Japan in the 15th century.

L

• Later Hōjō clan – also known as Odawara Hōjō clan. A powerful warrior clan of the Sengoku period, it had renamed itself after the original Hōjō clan from Kamakura.

M

• Meiji Restoration – The 1867 restoration of the Emperor to being the true ruler of the country, in practice as well as name, and the downfall of the last shogunate.
• Minamoto – the Minamoto clan defeated the rival Taira clan in 1185, establishing the first shogunate.

N

• Nagaoka-kyō – the capital of Japan from 784 to 794.

O

R

• rensho – "co-signatory", the rensho was the assistant to the regent of the Kamakura shogunate.
• ritsuryō – the East Asian historical law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism. In Japan, ritsuryō was in effect during the late Asuka period, the Nara period and the early Heian period. The Taihō-ritsuryō was a key element of the ritsuryō.
• rōjū – one of the highest-ranking government posts in the Tokugawa shogunate. There were usually four or five rōjū.
• rōnin – a samurai without a lord or master during the feudal period (1185–1868) of Japan.

S

• sakoku – the "self-isolation" policy followed during the Edo period, under which Japan engaged in limited trade or communication with the outside world.
• samurai – the feudal Japanese noble warrior class.
• sankin-kōtai – the Edo period policy under which feudal lords had to travel to the capital in Edo annually, and to leave their families in Edo year-round. This was used by the shōgun to prevent rebellion.
• Sengoku period was a time of social upheaval and nearly constant military conflict that lasted roughly from the middle of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century.
• seppuku – honorable ritual suicide. Also called hara-kiri. One of the death penalties which respected a samurai's honor. The belly was ceremonially cut and an assistant then cut the head from the back. Suicide allowed a samurai to keep his honor because it was considered dishonorable for a samurai to be killed by others.
• sesshō – Imperial regent for a child emperor or empress; the regent often continued in this role, changing titles to kampaku once the child emperor came of age.
• shikken – the regent for the shōgun during the Kamakura shogunate. The Hōjō clan monopolized the shikken post and was therefore the effective ruler of Japan.
• shinbutsu bunri – The forcible separation of Buddhism and Shinto, in particular during the Meiji era.
• shinto – is the traditional religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.
• Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order - A Meiji era law that forbade the mixing of Buddhism and Shinto, an effort to weaken Buddhist temporal power. See shinbutsu bunri
• shitsuji – see kanrei above.
• shizoku – "warrior families", term used to refer to former samurai after the abolition of the class system following the Meiji Restoration.
• shōen – a manor and its fields.
• shōgun – warlord dictator; the practical head of the nation, having seized power militarily or inherited it from another shōgun.
• shogunate – see bakufu
• shugo – officials appointed by the shōgun to oversee one or more provinces.

T

• taikō – a title frequently taken on by retired kampaku. The term is most commonly used in reference to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
• tairō – the highest-ranking government post of the Tokugawa shogunate. There was usually only one tairō, or, at times, none.
• tandai – during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, tandai was a colloquialism for a high-ranking official with governmental, judiciary or military responsibilities within a certain area.
• Tokugawa – Tokugawa Ieyasu united Japan through force, becoming its shōgun in 1603. His family ruled in that position until 1867.
• tokusō – the head of the mainline Hōjō clan, who monopolized the position of shikken during the Kamakura shogunate.
• tozama daimyō – a daimyō who had become a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara. There were tozama who had fought both for and against Ieyasu.

U

• Uesugi clan – a clan, descended from the Fujiwara clan, important for its power in the Muromachi and Sengoku periods.
• Uesugi Zenshū's rebellion – Uesugi Zenshū's 1416 rebellion against Ashikaga Mochiuji.

W

• Warring states period - See ''Sengoku period''

Y

• Yūki War – 15th century rebellion by the Yūki clan against the Ashikaga shogunate.