Georgian cuisine


Georgian cuisine consists of cooking traditions, techniques, and practices of Georgia. Georgian cuisine has a distinct character, while bearing some similarities with various national cuisines of the Caucasus, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Every region of Georgia has its own distinct style of food preparation. Eating and drinking are important parts of Georgian culture.
Georgia was one of the countries on the Silk Road, which resulted in travelers influencing Georgian cuisine. The Georgian love of family and friends is one of the reasons why the is so important in Georgia. Supra is offered spontaneously to relatives, friends or guests. Every has its , who gives the toast and entertains the guests.

Regional traditional cuisines

Abkhazia

n cuisine uses many spices and walnuts. The most popular dishes from Abkhazia are abysta ; apyrpylchapa ; achma ; aritsvmgeli ; achash ; achapa ; and akutaghchapa. The most popular dessert is akuarkuar, a cookie with honey. Ajika is a hot, spicy, but subtly flavored sauce or paste, often used to flavor food. Ajika is also sold as a dry spice blend. Abkhazian wines include Lykhny, Apsny, and Anakopia.

Adjara

cuisine is considered a very diversified cuisine, which has been influenced by its geography and by its history. In the mountainous Adjara, the main products are dairy products and the dishes are more fat and heavy and on the other side, in the seaside of the region, dishes are mostly spiced, and use many fresh herbs. The most popular dishes in Adjara are Adjaruli khachapuri ; borano ; chirbuli ; malakhto ; iakhni ; khavitsi ; sinori ; pakhlava ; and shaqarlama.

Guria

The cuisine of Guria is based mostly on poultry, cornbread and walnuts, like the cuisine of Imereti. The best-known dishes from Guria are satsivi ; mchadi ; kupati ; badrijani Nigvzit ; Gurian ghvezeli ; brinjula ; and pkhali and kuchmachi.

Imereti

The cuisine of Imereti shares many affinities with the neighbouring region of Guria and is known for its generous use of walnuts. The best-known Imeretian dishes include Imeruli khachapuri, mchadi, pkhali, kuchmachi, soko, lobio, badrijani Nigvzit, chakhokhbili, mtsnili, ekala kupati, satsivi, and tsitsila isrim-maqvalshi. Imereti is known for its cheeses such as chkinti, Imeruli kveli, and sulguni.

Kakheti

an cuisine is considered to be a more meat-based cuisine and the region itself is called the "Region of Wine". It is also known as the birthplace of one type of Georgian bread, tonis puri.

Kartli

is known as a very rich region in terms of fruits and vegetables.

Lazeti

Though most of the historical part of Lazeti is located in Turkey, Lazes in Georgia, especially in Sarpi, still continue to carry their traditional dishes, some of them being :

Samegrelo

The regional cuisine of Samegrelo can be considered the most famous in Georgia. It uses many spices and walnuts.

Mtianeti, Khevi, Khevsureti, Pshavi and Tusheti

These cuisines are often considered as one due to their similarities.
  • Famous dishes include Khinkali, Gordila, Qaghi, Kaurma, Kotori, Khachoerbo, Megrelian kharcho and Khavitsi
  • Tusheti also produces a goat / sheep based cheese, called Guda.
  • These regions are also well known for their beer, and spirit, Zhipitauri.

Racha-Lechkhumi

The cuisines of Racha and of Lechkhumi share most of their dishes and are often grouped into one cuisine as a consequence.

Samtskhe-Javakheti

The Cuisine of Samtskhe-Javakheti consists of two regional cuisines: Meskhetian and Javakhetian. Due to their similarities, they are often considered one regional cuisine. This cuisine differs significantly from other regional cuisine of Georgia, partly because of its heavy use of goose meat and historical Turkish rule of the region.
  • Famous dishes from Samtskhe-Javakheti include Batis Shechamandi, Meskhuri Khinkali, Apokhti, Tatarboragi, and Rdzis Korkoti.
  • Snails or Lokokina are also a very common dish in the region due to the presence of French Catholics in the past.
  • Samtskhe-Javakheti is also famous for its Chiri, Tklapi and Tenili.

Svaneti

  • Main dishes from Svaneti include Kubdari, P'etvraal, Chvishtari, Lutspeq, Kharshil, Tashmijabi.
  • Svaneti is also famous for its local alcohol made from fruits such as elderberry, and even honey.
  • Svanetian salt, a spiced salt
  • Agasyllis is a local, Angelica-like plant with medicinal properties that is also eaten raw, cooked and pickled as a delicacy considered to benefit the digestion. It is also taken to combat parasitic worms and to treat respiratory complaints.

Appetizers

Breads

Traditional Georgian breads are varied, and include Tonis Puri, Shotis Puri, Mesxuri Puri, Nazuki and Mchadi.
Georgian breads are traditionally baked in a large, round, well-shaped oven called a tone.

Khachapuri

, also spelled as hachapuri, is a traditional Georgian dish of cheese, eggs and other ingredients.
There are several distinctive types of khachapuri in Georgian food from different regions of Georgia:
  • Achma, from Abkhazia, which has multiple layers and looks more like a sauceless lasagna.
  • Adjarian Khachapuri, in which the dough is formed into an open boat shape and the hot pie is topped with a raw egg yolk and a pat of butter before serving.
  • Chakhrakina is a variation of Khachapuri made in Kartli and in Racha. It is filled with cheese and beets leaves.
  • Kotori is a Khachapuri made in Tusheti. The dough should be as thin as possible; and the filling consists of Kalti and erbo.
  • Gurian Khachapuri has boiled eggs inside the dough and looks like a calzone. Arguably, it is not a type of khachapuri. Gurians make them for Christmas and call them simply 'Christmas pie'. In the rest of Georgia, it is called 'Gurian pie'.
  • Imeretian Khachapuri, which is circular and probably the most common type.
  • Lemzira is a Svanetian ritual cheese bread mostly made in a round or triangular shape.
  • Mingrelian Khachapuri also called "Megruli", similar to Imeretian but with more cheese added on top.
  • Meskhuri Khachapuri is a Khachapuri made of puff pastry dough and cheese. Lard is added in the dough and filling which give it a distinct taste from the more widespread Penovani Khachapuri. it is made in Meskheti.
  • Ossetian Khachapuri also called "Osuri" or by its original name "Khabizgina" is a version of Khachapuri which has potato, as well as cheese in its filling.
  • Petvraali is a sort of Khachapuri filled with cheese and millet, made in Svaneti.
  • Penovani Khachapuri is made with puff pastry dough, resulting in a flaky variety of the pie. It is often sold as street food in local bakeries.
  • Pkhlovana or Mkhlovana is a Khachapuri made in the mountainous areas of Georgia, especially Khevi. It is similar to Chakhrakina but spinach is also added in the filling.
  • Rachuli Khachapuri also called “Bachuli” is a version of Khachapuri made in Racha. It is filled with cheese and is of rectangular shape and puff pastry dough is used.

Cheeses

  • Adjaruli Chechili : Cheese made in Adjara from cow milk, which is shaped into ropes.
  • Chogi : Cheese made from sheep milk in Tusheti.
  • Chkinti' : Salty and juicy cheese made originally in Imereti.
  • Dambalkhacho : Moldy cheese made in Pshavi and Mtiuleti. It is considered one of the most ancient and expensive cheeses.
  • Dampali Kveli : Rare cheese with a butter filling inside.
  • Kartuli : Cheese made from a mixture of around 50% cow milk and a mixture of sheep, goat or buffalo milk.
  • Guda : Cheese made from sheep milk in Tusheti. Its preparation lasts 20 days.
  • Imeruli : Cheese made in the region of Imereti from cow milk.
  • Kalti : Cheese made in mountainous regions of Georgia. It is often considered a shepherds' cheese because of its nutritional values.
  • Kobi : Mixed cow/sheep milk cheese, mostly eaten in Eastern Georgia.
  • Meskhuri Chechili : Cheese made in Meskheti and same as the Adjarian one.
  • Narchvi : Cheese made in Svaneti. It is shaped in curds.
  • Sulguni : One of the most famous cheeses in Georgia, which comes from Mingrelia. It is made from cow or buffalo milk. Outside Mingrelia, it is also made in Svaneti.
  • Tenili : Cheese made in Samtskhe-Javakheti. It is shaped in curds.

Salads

  • Kitri pomidvris salata : Cucumber and tomato salad with Georgian herbs, greens and Kakhetian oil. It is sometimes eaten with a walnut sauce.
  • Ispanakhis salata : Spinach salad.
  • Pkhali : Minced vegetables in a ball shape. It is mainly made from spinach, cabbage or beans and is topped with pomegranate seeds.
  • Sagazapkhulo salata : Salad made during spring. There is not a strict recipe but it is mostly made of fresh ingredients and boiled eggs.
  • Satatsuris salata : Salad made of asparagus.
  • Tcharkhlis salata : Salad made of beets.

Soups and stews

  • Chakapuli : Stew made of lamb or beef, tarragon and cherry plums in Eastern Georgia.
  • Chakhokhbili : Soup made of tomatoes and poultry meat which originated in Western Georgia.
  • Chikhirtma : Soup made of turkey or chicken meat and eggs which is traditionally made in Kakheti.
  • Kharcho : Soup made of beef, rice, cherry plums and walnuts from Mingrelia.
  • Kharshil : Soup made of spinach in Svaneti.
  • Khashi : Boiled cow or sheep parts in their juice. Mostly made in the Eastern regions, especially Kakheti.
  • Lobio : Stew made mostly from kidney beans. Popular in Western Georgia.
  • Matsvnis Supi : Soup made mainly of Matsoni.
  • Puris Kharcho : Soup made of bread. It originated in Kartli.
  • Shechamandi : Different sorts of soup made by a principle ingredients, mostly made in Kartli. These soups can be made of spinach, malva, garlic, dogwood, grains, sorrel, pink peavine and other ingredients.

Fish

Though Georgian cuisine is not very fish-oriented, there are still some dishes mainly made of trout, catfish and carp:
  • Kalmakhis Kubdari : Kubdari filled with minced trout, onions, coriander and ajika.
  • Kapchoni Mchkudi : Cornbread made with anchovy, which is made in Adjara by the Lazs.
  • Kepali : Fried flathead mullet.
  • Kibo Kindzit : Lobster cooked with coriander.
  • Kibo Mokharshuli : Boiled lobster.
  • Kibo Tetri Ghvinit : Lobster cooked in white wine.
  • Kobri Nigvzit da Brotseulit : Fried carp with walnuts and pomegranates seeds.
  • Loko Kindzmarshi : Boiled catfish with coriander and vinegar.
  • Loko Tsiteli Ghvinit : Boiled catfish in red wine.
  • Tsvera Nigvzit da Brotseulit : Fried common barbel with walnuts and pomegranates seeds.
  • Zutkhi Kaklis Potolshi : sturgeon cooked in a walnut leaf.

Meat

The most popular Georgian meat dishes include:
  • Abkhazura : Fried meat, often offal, rolled in caul fat from Abkhazia.
  • Apokhti : Dried or smoked meat.
  • Batis shechamandi : Meskhetian soup made of goose meat.
  • Bozbashi: Soup of lamb meat with peas, chestnuts and tomatoes.
  • Chanakhi : Soup made of tomatoes and lamb.
  • Chakhokhbili : Soup made of tomatoes and poultry meat.
  • Chakapuli : Stew made of cherry plums, tarragon and meat from Kakheti.
  • Chashushuli : Spicy beef stew with tomato base.
  • Chikhirtma : Soup made of chicken and eggs from Kakheti.
  • Gupta: Georgian version of kefta meatballs.
  • Kharcho : Soup made of beef, tomatoes, herbs and walnuts.
  • Khash : Boiled parts of cow or sheep in its juice.
  • Khashlama : Boiled meat.
  • Khinkali : Dumplings filled with beef, pork or lamb meat herbs from Eastern Georgia.
  • Kubdari : Khachapuri filled with meat from Svaneti.
  • Kuchmachi : Fried chicken livers with walnuts and pomegranate seeds.
  • Kupati : Fried sausage made of pork.
  • Lori : Smoked pork from Racha.
  • Kababi : Meat cooked on fire, with pomegranate seeds.
  • Mtsvadi : Meat cooked on fire.
  • Muzhuzhi : A kind of jelly filled with meat and vegetables.
  • Qaghi : Smoked meat.
  • Qaurma : A kind of soup with chopped meat.
  • Satsivi : Poultry meat in a walnut sauce called bazhe which originated in Western Georgia.
  • Shilaplavi : Pilaf made of lamb, spices, and vegetables.
  • Chkmeruli : Chicken in a cream-based sauce.
  • Tabaka : Roasted chicken with adjika.
  • Tolma : Georgian version of dolma. The filling is mostly meat and rolled in cabbage or grape leaves.
  • Ziskhora : Svanetian boiled blood sausage.

Sauces and spices

Sauces and spices common in Georgian cuisine include:

Vegetarian dishes

  • Ajapsandali : Dish made of vegetables such as eggplant, potatoes, tomatoes, onions and herbs.
  • Badrijnis borani : Chopped and fried eggplant with spices.
  • Badrijnis khizilala : Chopped eggplant with pomegranate seeds and herbs.
  • Badrijani mtsvanilit : Fried eggplant with fresh herbs.
  • Ekala nigvzit : Smilax with walnuts.
  • Gogris gupta : Squash balls.
  • Lobiani : Khachapuri filled with kidney beans.
  • Lobio : Mashed kidney beans with spices.
  • Lobio nigvzit : Kidney beans with walnuts.
  • Pkhali : Minced vegetables with pomegranates.
  • Qnashi : Boiled minced pumpkin seeds which are later spiced and formed into a circle.
  • Shechamandi : Soup, mostly made in Kartli of spinach, malva, garlic, dogwood, grains, sorrel, pink peavine, and other plant ingredients.
  • Sorrels and walnut soup : rumex-walnut soup.

Desserts

  • Chiri : Dried fruits mostly apricots, grapes, plums and figs.
  • Korkota is a porridge made by mixing soaked grains, honey, sugar, raisins and sometimes also walnuts together. It is often served at funerals.
  • Churchkhela : Candy made of grape juice mixed with flour and walnuts. It originated in Kakheti.
  • Janjukha : Same as Churchkhela but instead of walnuts, chopped hazelnuts are used. It is made in Guria.
  • Gozinaki : Candy made mostly for New Year. It is made from chopped walnuts and honey.
  • Muraba : Sort of jam made mostly from fruits such as walnut, watermelon, quince, fig, berries and from flowers.
  • Pelamushi : Dessert made of grape juice and flour, similar to a sweet porridge.
  • Tklapi : Is a type of Georgian fruit leather made with fruit purée, or excess juice of Churchkhela.

Wine

Georgia is the oldest wine-producing region in the world. The fertile valleys and protective slopes of the Transcaucasia were home to grapevine cultivation and neolithic wine production for at least 8000 years. Due to the many millennia of wine in Georgian history and its prominent economic role, the traditions of wine are considered entwined with and inseparable from the national identity.
Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are Kakheti, Kartli, Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Adjara and Abkhazia.
UNESCO added the ancient traditional Georgian winemaking method using the Kvevri clay jars to the UNESCO [Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists].
Alcoholic drinks from Georgia include chacha and wine. Some of the most well-known Georgian wines include Pirosmani, Alazani, Akhasheni, Saperavi, and Kindzmarauli. Wine culture in Georgia dates back thousands of years, and many Georgian wines are made from traditional Georgian grape varieties that are little known in the West, such as Saperavi and Rkatsiteli. Georgian wine is well known throughout Eastern Europe, and is a significant national export, with exports of over 10 million bottles of wine per year. Georgia is also home to many beer brands, including Natakhtari, Kazbegi, Argo, Kasri, and Karva. There are also many craft beer brands such as Shavi Lomi, Megobrebi, NaturAle & Underground.
Lagidze water is a Georgian flavored soda drink, made with a variety of natural syrups, sold bottled or mixed directly in a glass from a soda fountain. Common types of mineral water from Georgia include Borjomi, Nabeghlavi, Likani, and Sairme.

Popularity

Georgian cuisine is primarily popular in the post-Soviet states, although it also has been gaining popularity in the Western world in recent years. As such, American magazine Thrillist placed Georgian cuisine as the 4th among the indigenous cuisines of the 48 European countries.
In 2010, Georgian cuisine was described as having had an exotic appeal to Russians that The Independent compared to that of Indian cuisine to the British.