Gell-Mann matrices


The Gell-Mann matrices, developed by Murray Gell-Mann, are a set of eight linearly independent 3×3 traceless Hermitian matrices used in the study of the strong interaction in particle physics.
They span the Lie algebra of the SU(3) group in the defining representation.

Properties

These matrices are traceless, Hermitian, and obey the extra trace orthonormality relation, so they can generate unitary matrix group elements of SU(3) through exponentiation. These properties were chosen by Gell-Mann because they then naturally generalize the Pauli matrices for SU(2) to SU, which formed the basis for Gell-Mann's quark model. Gell-Mann's generalization further extends to general SU(n). For their connection to the standard basis of Lie algebras, see the Weyl–Cartan basis.

Trace orthonormality

In mathematics, orthonormality typically implies a norm which has a value of unity. Gell-Mann matrices, however, are normalized to a value of 2. Thus, the trace of the pairwise product results in the ortho-normalization condition
where is the Kronecker delta.
This is so the embedded Pauli matrices corresponding to the three embedded subalgebras of SU are conventionally normalized. In this three-dimensional matrix representation, the Cartan subalgebra is the set of linear combinations of the two matrices and, which commute with each other.
There are three significant SU(2) subalgebras:
  • and
where the and are linear combinations of and. The SU Casimirs of these subalgebras mutually commute.
However, any unitary similarity transformation of these subalgebras will yield SU subalgebras. There is an uncountable number of such transformations.

Commutation relations

The 8 generators of SU satisfy the commutation and anti-commutation relations
with the structure constants
The structure constants are completely symmetric in the three indices. The structure constants are completely antisymmetric in the three indices, generalizing the antisymmetry of the Levi-Civita symbol of. For the present order of Gell-Mann matrices they take the values
In general, they evaluate to zero, unless they contain an odd count of indices from the set, corresponding to the antisymmetric s.
Using these commutation relations, the product of Gell-Mann matrices can be written as
where is the 3×3 identity matrix.

Fierz completeness relations

Since the eight matrices and the identity are a complete trace-orthogonal set spanning all 3×3 matrices, it is straightforward to find two Fierz completeness relations,, analogous to that satisfied by the Pauli matrices. Namely, using the dot to sum over the eight matrices and using Greek indices for their row/column indices, the following identities hold,
and
One may prefer the recast version, resulting from a linear combination of the above,

Representation theory

A particular choice of matrices is called a group representation, because any element of SU can be written in the form using the Einstein notation, where the eight are real numbers and a sum over the index is implied. Given one representation, an equivalent one may be obtained by an arbitrary unitary similarity transformation, since that leaves the commutator unchanged.
The matrices can be realized as a representation of the infinitesimal generators of the special unitary group called SU(3). The Lie algebra of this group has dimension eight and therefore it has some set with eight linearly independent generators, which can be written as, with i taking values from 1 to 8.

Casimir operators and invariants

The squared sum of the Gell-Mann matrices gives the quadratic Casimir operator, a group invariant,
where is 3×3 identity matrix. There is another, independent, cubic Casimir operator, as well.

Application to quantum chromodynamics

These matrices serve to study the internal rotations of the gluon fields associated with the coloured quarks of quantum chromodynamics. A gauge colour rotation is a spacetime-dependent SU group element
where summation over the eight indices is implied.