Friedrich Kottler

Friedrich Kottler was an Austrian theoretical physicist. He was a Privatdozent before he got a professorship in 1923 at the University of Vienna.

Life

In 1938, after the Anschluss, he lost his professorship due to his Jewish ancestry. With the help of Albert Einstein and Wolfgang Pauli, he immigrated to America from his hometown of Vienna, Austria, settling in Rochester, New York, where he worked at the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory.
He died in Rochester, New York in 1965. Besides optics, Kottler's professional pursuits focused on the theory of relativity.

In, he presented a general covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations, based on the absolute differential calculus, which is also valid within Albert Einstein's General Relativity, before that theory was even developed. In relation to this, Einstein & Marcel Grossmann gave credit to Kottler in 1913.
In Kottler worked on the description of accelerations and rotations in flat Minkowski space, using four-dimensional Frenet-Serret formulas and the corresponding orthonormal tetrads, and formulated the proper [reference frame (flat spacetime)|proper reference frames] for worldlines of constant curvatures given by Gustav Herglotz in 1909, in particular for hyperbolic motion and uniform circular motion. In, he also discussed the conformal spacetime transformations as an alternative way to introduce accelerated frames.
In he criticized the role of the equivalence principle in general relativity, which prompted a reply by Einstein in the same year.
In he formulated the Kottler metric or Kottler spacetime, as well as the Kottler-Whittaker metric for a homogeneous gravitational field in flat spacetime.
In he argued that one can formulate Maxwell's equations and Newton's law of gravitation independently of any metric.
In he published the article "Gravitation und Relativitätstheorie" in Band 6 of Klein's encyclopedia.
In he analyzed the history of special relativity, focusing on the contributions of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and Einstein.

1912: ', Wiener Sitzungsberichte 2a, 121: 1659–1759.
1914a: ', Annalen der Physik 349, 701-748
1914b: ', Annalen der Physik 349, 701-748
1916a: ', Wiener Sitzungsberichte 2a, 125, 899-919
1916b: ', Annalen der Physik 355, 955-972
1918: ', Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Bd.60, S.401-461
1921: ', Physikalische Zeitschrift 22, 274-280 & 480-484
1922a: Newtonsches Gesetz und Metrik, Wiener Sitzungsberichte 2a, 131: 1-14.
1922b: Maxwellsche Gleichungen und Metrik, Wiener Sitzungsberichte 2a, 131: 119-146
1922c, ', Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen, 6.2.2, 159-237
1923, , Annalen der Physik, 375 : 405–56.
1924a, ', Scientia, 36, pp. 231–242
1924b, ', Scientia, 36, pp. 301–316