Borosilicate glass

Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low coefficients of thermal expansion, making them more resistant to thermal shock than any other common glass. Such glass is subjected to less thermal stress and can withstand temperature differentials of about without fracturing. It is commonly used for the construction of reagent bottles and flasks, as well as lighting, electronics, and cookware. For many other applications, soda–lime glass is more common.
Borosilicate glass is sold under various trade names, including Borosil, Duran, Pyrex, Glassco, Supertek, Suprax, Simax, Bellco, Marinex, BSA 60, BSC 51, Heatex, Endural, Schott, Refmex, Kimax, Gemstone Well, United Scientific, and MG.
Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube and a metal cap. They include the sodium-vapor lamp that is commonly used in street lighting.
Borosilicate glass usually melts at about.

History

Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century in Jena. This early borosilicate glass thus came to be known as Jena glass.
After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, the name became synonymous with borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world.
Borosilicate glass is the name of a glass family with various members tailored to completely different purposes. Most common today is borosilicate 3.3 or 5.0x glass such as Duran, Corning33, Corning51-V, Corning51-L, International Cookware's NIPRO BSA 60, and BSC 51.

Manufacturing process

Borosilicate glass is created by combining and melting boric oxide, silica sand, soda ash, and alumina. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass, some new techniques were required for industrial production.
In addition to quartz, sodium carbonate, and aluminium oxide traditionally used in glassmaking, boron is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. The composition of low-expansion borosilicate glass, such as those laboratory glasses mentioned above, is approximately 80% silica, 13% boric oxide, 4% sodium oxide or potassium oxide and 2–3% aluminium oxide. Though more difficult to make than traditional glass due to its high melting temperature, it is economical to produce. Its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance finds use in chemical laboratory equipment, cookware, lighting, and in certain kinds of windows.
The manufacturing process depends on the product geometry and can be differentiated between different methods like floating, tube drawing, or molding.

Physical characteristics

The common type of borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware has a very low thermal expansion coefficient, about one-third that of ordinary soda–lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, which makes borosilicate a more suitable type of glass for certain applications. Fused quartzware is even better in this respect ; however, the difficulty of working with fused quartz makes quartzware much more expensive, and borosilicate glass is a low-cost compromise. While more resistant to thermal shock than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subjected to rapid or uneven temperature variations.
Among the characteristic properties of this glass family are:

Different borosilicate glasses cover a wide range of different thermal expansions, enabling direct seals with various metals and alloys like molybdenum glass with a CTE of 4.6, tungsten with a CTE around 4.0 and Kovar with a CTE around 5.0 because of the matched CTE with the sealing partner
Allowing high maximum temperatures of typically about
Showing an extremely high chemical resistance in corrosive environments. Norm tests for example for acid resistance create extreme conditions and reveal very low impacts on glass

The softening point of type 7740 Pyrex is.
Borosilicate glass is less dense than typical soda–lime glass due to the low atomic mass of boron. Its mean specific heat capacity at constant pressure is 0.83 J/, roughly one fifth of water's.
The temperature differential that borosilicate glass can withstand before fracturing is about
, whereas soda–lime glass can withstand only about a change in temperature. This is why typical kitchenware made from traditional soda–lime glass will shatter if a vessel containing boiling water is placed on ice, but borosilicate-glass Pyrex or other borosilicate laboratory glass will not.
Optically, borosilicate glasses are crown glasses with low dispersion and relatively low refractive indices.
During manufacture, molten borosilicates tend to have higher liquid 'fragilities' than silicates. This refers to the fact that the viscosity of the molten glass varies more rapidly than exponentially with temperature, and is said to be super-Arrhenian, with the fragility index increasing with boron content. This behaviour can be partly explained by structural changes, including reversible depolymerisation of the glass network upon heating, concomitant with changes in the boron bonding environment, from tetrahedral four-coordinated at lower temperatures, toward trigonal planar three-coordinated at higher temperatures.

Families

For the purposes of classification, borosilicate glass can be roughly arranged in the following groups, according to their oxide composition. Characteristic of borosilicate glasses is the presence of substantial amounts of silica and boric oxide as glass network formers. The amount of boric oxide affects the glass properties in a particular way. Apart from the highly resistant varieties, there are others that – due to the different way in which the boric oxide is incorporated into the structural network – have only low chemical resistance. Hence we differentiate between the following subtypes.

Non-alkaline-earth

The B₂O₃ content for borosilicate glass is typically 12–13% and the SiO₂ content over 80%. High chemical durability and low thermal expansion – the lowest of all commercial glasses for large-scale technical applications – make this a versatile glass material. High-grade borosilicate flat glasses are used in a wide variety of industries, mainly for technical applications that require either good thermal resistance, excellent chemical durability, or high light transmission in combination with a pristine surface quality. Other typical applications for different forms of borosilicate glass include glass tubing, glass piping, glass containers, etc. especially for the chemical industry.

Alkaline-earth

In addition to about 75% SiO₂ and 8–12% B₂O₃, these glasses contain up to 5% oxides of alkaline earth metal and alumina. This is a subtype of slightly softer glasses, which have thermal expansions in the range × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹.
This is not to be confused with simple borosilicate glass-alumina composites.

High-borate

Glasses containing 15–25% B₂O₃, 65–70% SiO₂, and smaller amounts of alkalis and Al₂O₃ as additional components have low softening points and low thermal expansion. Sealability to metals in the expansion range of tungsten and molybdenum and high electrical insulation are their most important features. The increased B₂O₃ content reduces the chemical resistance; in this respect, high-borate borosilicate glasses differ widely from non-alkaline-earth and alkaline-earth borosilicate glasses. Among these are also borosilicate glasses that transmit UV light down to 180 nm, which combine the best of the borosilicate glass and the quartz world.

Uses

Borosilicate glass has a wide variety of uses ranging from cookware to lab equipment, as well as a component of high-quality products such as implantable medical devices and devices used in space exploration.

Health and science

Virtually all modern laboratory glassware is made of borosilicate glass. It is widely used in this application due to its chemical and thermal resistance and good optical clarity, but the glass can react with sodium hydride upon heating to produce sodium borohydride, a common laboratory reducing agent. Fused quartz is also found in some laboratory equipment when its higher melting point and transmission of UV are required, but the cost and manufacturing difficulties associated with fused quartz make it an impractical investment for the majority of laboratory equipment.
Additionally, borosilicate tubing is used as the feedstock for the production of parenteral drug packaging, such as vials and pre-filled syringes, as well as ampoules and dental cartridges. The chemical resistance of borosilicate glass minimizes the migration of sodium ions from the glass matrix, thus making it well suited for injectable-drug applications. This type of glass is typically referred to as USP / EP JP Type I.
Borosilicate is widely used in implantable medical devices such as prosthetic eyes, artificial hip joints, bone cements, dental composite materials.
Many implantable devices benefit from the unique advantages of borosilicate glass encapsulation. Applications include veterinary tracking devices, neurostimulators for the treatment of epilepsy, implantable drug pumps, cochlear implants, and physiological sensors.

Electronics

During the mid-20th century, borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants through high-power vacuum-tube–based electronic equipment, such as commercial broadcast transmitters. It was also used for the envelope material for glass transmitting tubes which operated at high temperatures.
Borosilicate glasses also have an application in the semiconductor industry in the development of microelectromechanical systems, as part of stacks of etched silicon wafers bonded to the etched borosilicate glass.